Museum of Comparative Zoology

HERPETOLOGY LIBRARY

[ ( .

X

(r

THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,

lUCLUDINGr

CEYLON AND 13U11MA.

Published under the autpoeity of the Secretary of
State for India in Council.

EDITED BY W. T. BLANFOBD.

REPTILIA and BATRACHIA.

BY

GEORGE A. HOULENGER.

LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

CALCUTTA :
THACKEK, SP1>'K, & CO.

BOMBAY :
THACKER & CO., LI-MITED.

BERLIN :
R. FRIEDLANDER & SOUX, 11 CARLSTRASSE.

189U.

PEINTKD Ur TAYLOK AND FRANCIS,
KKD LIOK COUltT, I'LELT STKEtT.

*

PIIEFACE.

Two classes of Vertebrata, the Reptiles and the Batrachiaiis
or AmphibiauSj are described in this volume of the ' Fauna
of British India/ These two classes have often been
associated in zoological Avorks, and were, by many writers,
until recently, not regarded as distinct. The study of both
is usually prosecuted by the same observers, and no practical
advantage would result from publishing the descriptions of
the two separately.

Mr. Boulenger, to whom Indian naturalists are indebted
for the present work, has already classified and described all
known Crocodiles, Tortoises, Lizards, Chama3leons, and
Batrachians in Catalogues of the British Museum that have
appeared during the last eight years. Many of the characters
of genera and species now published are taken from those
Catalogues, but numerous additions have been made and
several alterations have been inserted. "Wherever the com-
plete synonymy is given in the Catalogues it has been
considered unnecessary, in the present work, to insert more
than a reference to the original description of the species,
to the page in the British Museum Catalogue where full
details can be found, and to the general works on Indian

Reptiles by Giinther and Theobald.

a 2

IV PREFACE.

The classification of the Snakes_, which comprise nearly one
half of the K-eptilian species known to occur iu India_, is new,
and all the descriptions of families, genera, and species have
been prepared expressly for the present work. As there is no
recent publication with a complete synonymy of the Ophidia,
somewhat fuller references to the literature of the subject
have been rendered necessary than in the other suborders
of Reptiles and Batrachians.

Two general works on Indian Reptiles have been published
before the present volume. The first was ' The Reptiles of
British India/ by Dr. A. Giinther, which appeared in quarto
and was issued by the Ray Society in 1864; and the second,
an octavo ' Descriptive Catalogue of the Reptiles of British
India,' by Mr. W. Theobald, published in 1876. In the
first, which was founded on the earlier publications of Russell,
Cantor, Gray, Blyth, Jerdon, Kelaart, and others, largely
supplemented by the author's own researches, the Batrachia
were included ; but both the Batrachia and the Hydrophiinee
or marine snakes were omitted in Mr. Theobald's book,
a great part of which was virtually an abridgment of
Giinther's, but with the numerous discoveries and observa-
tions of Stoliczka, Beddome, Anderson, and of the author
himself added to those of Giinther, many additions by the
latter having been made after the publication of his large
work on Indian Reptiles. In the present volume the principal
additions have been due to the collections of Beddome in
Southern India, Fea and Davison in Burma, and of Murray
and the Editor of this work in Western India and Baluchistan.

The limits of the fauna described in Giinther's ' Reptiles of
British India ' were wider than those adopted in Theobald's
work and in the present, and comprised all South-eastern
Continental Asia. The area here accepted as that of the
' Fauna of British India ' has been defined in the Introduction
to the Mammalia of the present scries, and may be briefly

PREFACE. V

described as British India with Burma and all other depen-
denciesj and with the addition of Ceylon — Baluchistan, Kash-
mir, Ladalv, and all Cis-Himalayan States being included, and
Afghanistan, Tibet Proper, China, Siam, and the ]Malay
Peninsula south of Tenasserim excluded.

The following comparison of the number of species de-
scribed, from within the limits adopted in the present Avork,
in Giinther's ' Reptiles of British India ^witli those enumerated
in Theobald's Catalogue and in the present volume will serve
roughly to indicate the additions to our knowledge of the
Rcptilia and Batrachia of India in the last quarter of a
century. As already noticed, one subfamily of Snakes,

the Hydrophiinaj, was omitted by Theobald.

*

Giintlicr, Theobald, Boulengcr,
1864. 1870. 1890.

REPTILIA.

Emydosaukia (Crocodiles) 4 4 3

Chelonia (Tortoises & Turtles) . . 30 54 43

Squamata.

irtcer<t7/rt (Lizards) 95 173 225

Uliiptofjhssa (Charaa;leons) . . 1 1 1

O^Jtidia (Snakes) 180 225 264

310 457 536

BATRACHIA.

Ecattdata (Frogs and Toads) . . 37 . . 124

Caudata (Newts &c.) . . 1

Apoda (Caicilians) 2 . . 5

39 130

In cases where the numbers have been reduced the reduc-
tion is due to the union of species foi'merly supposed to be
distinct. The additions in the present volume are much more
numerous than the preceding comparison indicates.

By permission of the Trustees of the British Museum,
through the kindness of Professor Flower and Dr. Giinther,

VI PREFACE.

several figures from the Catalogues of the National Collection
prepared by Mr. Boulenger and from the Guide to the
Reptile Gallery have been inserted in the present work. One
cut has also, by permission of the Zoological Society, been
taken from its 'Proceedings.'

The Fishes, Reptiles, and Batrachians of the ' Fauna of
British India ' have now appeared, with one volume of Birds
and half a volume of Mammals, leaving two volumes of Birds
and half a volume of Mammals still in hand.

W. T. BLANFORD.

July, 1890.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

REPTILIA 1

Order I. EMYDOSAURIA . . 1

Fam. I, Crocodilid.^ 2

1. (lavialis, Opp 3

1. ganf>'etieus (Gm.) .... 3

2, Crocodilus, Laur. ...... 4

1. porosus, Schn 4

2. paliistris, Less 6

Order II. CHELONIA .... 6

Subord. I. Thecophora. 9
Superfam. A. Trionychoidea !)

Fam. I. TRiONYCHiDiE 9

1. Trionyx, Geuffr 10

1. siibplaims, Geoff r 11

2. g-anireticus, Cuv 12

3. leitliii, Gray 12

4. liuruin, Gfay 13

5. formosus, Gray 14

(3. pliayrii, Theob 14

7. cartilagineus {Budd.) . 15

2. Pelochelys, Gray 15

1. cantoris, Grai/ 15

3. Chitra, Gray . .' IG

1. indica, Gray 16

4. Erayda, Gray 10

1. grauosa (Schoejff) . . 17

2. vittata, Pfrs 17

3. sciitata, Ptrs 18

Superfam. B. Cryptodira . . 18

Fam. II. Testudinid.^ .... 18

1. Testudo, L 19

1. elougata, Blyth 20

Page

2. leithii, Gl/u- 20

3. elegans, Schoepff .... 21

4. platyiiota, BIytli 22

5. emys, Schley. ^- Miill. 22

2. Geoemyda, Gray 23

1. spinosa, Gray 25

2. grandis, Gray 25

3. depressa, Anders 25

3. Nicoria, Gray 26

1. trijiiga {Schweiqq.) . . 27

2. tricarinata (Blyth) 28

4. Cyclemys, Bell 28

1 . platvnota, Gray .... 30

2. dhor, Gray 30

3. mouhoti, Gray 31

4. aiuboineusis {Daud.) 31

5. Bellia, Gray 32

1. crassicollis, Gray .... 32

0. Daniouia, Gray 34

1. hamiltouii, Gray .... 34

7. Morenia, Grai/ 35

1. ocellata {D. ^- B.) .... .".5

2. petersii, Anders 36

8. Ilardella, Gray >j(j

1. tliurgi, Gray 36

9. Batagur, Gray 37

1. baska, Grity 38

10. Kachuga, Gray 38

1. lineata, Gray 40

2. trivittata {I). ^- B.) . . 41

3. dhougoka (Gray) .... 41

4. sraithii (Gray) 42

5. .sylhotensis (Jerd.) 42

6. intennedia, Blanf. .... 43

7. tectuQi (Gray) 43

Fam. III. Platysternidjg .

44

1. Platysternuiii, Gray .... 44
1. megaceplialum, Gray . 44

Vlll

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

Fam. IV. Chelonidje 47

1. Chelone, Brovgn 48

1. mydas (i.) 48

2. imbricata (X.) 49

2, Thalassochelys, Fitz 49

1. caretta (i.) 50

Siibord. II. A T H E c ^ .... 50

Fam. V. Sphargid^ 50

1. Dermoclielys, BJainv 50

1. coriacea (X.) 50

Order III. SQUAMATA..
Siibord. I. Lacertilia

52

Fam. I. Geckonid^ 54

1. Stenodactylus, Fitz 56

1. orientalis, Blanf. .... 57

2, lumsdenii, Blgr 58

2. Alsopliylax, Fitz 58

1. tuberculatus { Blanf. ^ 59

3. Gymnodactylus, Spix .... 59

1. fedtscbenkoi, Strmtch Gl

2. scaber {Rilpp.) 62

3. brevipes, Blunf. 63

4. kachbensis, Stol 63

5. stoliczkfe, Steind 63

6. lawderanus, Stul 64

7. nebulosus, Bedd 64

8. jeyporensis, Bedd 65

9. deccanensis, Gthr. . . 66

10. albofasciatiis, Bl(j7-. , . 66

11. oldbami, Theoh 67

12. triedrus, Gthr 67

13. frenatus, Gthr 68

14. kbasiensis (Jerd.) .... 68

15. rubidus {Bli/fk) 69

16. pulcbellus {Gray) .... 69

17. variepatus (Bli/th) .... 70

18. fasciolatus (i?/yi;/i) . . . . 71

4. Af^amiua, Blanf. 71

1 . cruralis, Blanf 71

5. Pristurus, liiijip 72

1. riipestris, Blanf. .... 72

6. Gonatodes, Fitz 73

1. iiidicus (Grai/) 74

2. wynadensis (Bedd.) . . 75

3. sisparensis (^Theob.) . . 75

Page

4. ornatus (Bedd.) 75

5. mnYmoi-aiu?. (Bedd.) . , 75

6. mysoriensis (Jerd.) . . 77

7. kandianus {Kel.) .... 77

8. gracilis (Bedd.) 78

9. jerdonii (Theoh.) .... 78
10. littoralis (Jerd.) 79

7. Calodactylus, Bedd. 80

1. aureus, Bedd 80

8. Ptyodactylus, Gray .... 81

1. bomolepis, Blanf. .... 81

9. Hemidactylus, Gray .... 82

1. reticulatiis, Bedd 84

2. gracilis, Blanf. 84

3. frenatus, D.^ B 85

4. gleadovii, Murray, ... 86

5. turcicus (L.) 87

6. persicus, Anders 88

7. maculatus, D. Sf B. . . 88

8. triedrus (Baud.) 89

9. subtriedus, Jerd. .... 90

10. depressus, Grai/ 90

11. lescbenaultii, i>. ^ B. 91

12. coctsei, D.SfB 92

13. giganteus, Stol 92

14. bowringii (Gray) .... 93

15. karenoruui (Theob.) . . 93

10. garnoti, I). S,- B 94

17. platyurus (Schneid.) . . 95

10. Teratolepis, Gthr 96

1. fasciata (Blyth) 96

11. Gebyra, Gray 96

1. mutilata ( Wiegm.) . . 96

12. Lepidodactylus, Fitz 97

1. cejdonensis, Blyr 98

2. aurautiaciis (Bedd.) . . 98

3. lugubris(Z). ^- B.) .. 99

13. Hoplodactylus, Fitz 100

1. duvaucelii (X).(§-7?.). . 100

2. aimiuallensis (G^/7//-.). . 101

14. Gecko, Law 101

1 . verticillatus, Laur. . . 102

2. steutor (Cantor) 103

3. monarchus (D. ^ B.) . 103

15. Ptychozooii, Fitz 104

1. homalocephalum

(Crev.) 104

16. Phelsuma, Gray 105

1. andamanense, Blyth . . 106

Fam. II. EuBLEPHAniD^ . . 107

1. Eublopliaris, Gray 107

1. liardwickii, Gray .... 107

2. macularius (Blyth) . , 108

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

IX

Page
Fani. III. Agamid^ 109

1. Draco, Linn Ill

1. maculatus (Gray), ... 112

2. blanfordii, Blgr 112

3. dussumieri, D. i^ B. . . 113

4. teniopterus, Gthr. . . 114

2. Sitana, Cuv 114

1. ponticeriana, Cuv 114

3. Otocryptis, Wiegm 115

1. bivittata, Wiegm 115

2. beddomii, Blgi- 116

4. Ptyctoleemus, P^rs 116

1. gularis, Ptrs 117

o. Cophotis, P<r* 117

1. ceylanica, Ptrs 118

6. Ceratophora, Gray 118

1. stoddartii, Gray .... 119

2. tenuentii, Gthr 120

3. aspera, Gthr 120

7. Lyriocephalus, Merr 121

1. scutatus (i.) 121

8. Gonyocephalus, A'awjo. . . . 122

1 . subcristatus (Blyth) . . 122

2. humii (Stol.) 123

.3. heWii (D.^B.) 123

4. grandis (Gray) 124

9. Acanthosaura, Gray .... 124

1. armntd (Gray) 125

2. crucigera, Blgr 125

3. lamnidentata, Blgr. . . 126

4. minor (Gray) 127

5. kakhienensis (^ju/ers.) 127

6. major (Jerd.) 128

7. tiicarinata (Blyth) . . 120

10. Japalura, Gray 129

1. variegata, Gray 130

2. planidorsata, Jerd. .... 130

11 . Salea, Gray 131

1. horstieldii, Gray .... 131

2. anamallayana (Bedd.) . 132

12. Calotes, Cuv 132

1. microlepis, Blqr 1.34

2. cristatellus (Kuhl) 134

3. jubatus {D. 8f B.) 135

4. versicolor (Daud.) . . 135

5. maria, Gray 136

6. jerdonii, Gthr 137

7. euima, Gray 137

8. mystaeeus, I). ^- B. . . 138

9. grandisquamis, Gthr. . 138

10. uemoi'icola, Jerd 139

11. ceylonensis, Blgr 139

12. liolepis, Blgr 140

13. opliiomachus (Merr.) . 140

Page

14. nigrilabris, Ptrs 141

15. liocephalus, Gthr 141

16. rouxii, D.S^B 142

17. ellioti, Gthr 142

18. fefe, Blgr 143

13. Charasia, Gray 144

1. dorsalis (Gray) 144

2. blaufordiana, Stol. . . 145

3. ornata (Blyth) 145

14. Agama, Daud 146

1. isolepis, Blgr 147

2. rubrigularis (J5/aw/.). . 147

3. tuberculata, Gray . . . . 148

4. dayana (Stol.) 148

5. himalayana (Steind.). . 149

6. agTorensis (Stol.) .... 149

7. melanura (Blyth) 150

8. lirata (Bla/if.) 150

9. nupta, De Fil 151

10. caucasica (Eichiv.) . . 151

15. Phrynocephalus, Kaup . . 152

1. oliv-ieri, D. Sc B 153

2. theobaldi, Blyth 153

3. caudivolvulus (Pall.).. 154

4. ornatus, Blgr 154

5. maculatus, Anders. . . 155

6. luteoguttatus,P/^r. . . 155

16. Liolepis, Cuv 156

1. heWisina, (G7-ay) .... 156

17. Uromastix, 3Ierr 157

1. liardwickii, Gray .... 157

Fam. IV. Anguid^ 158

1. Opbisaurus, Daud 1.59

1. gracilis (Gray) 1.59

Fam, V. Vauanid^ 100

1. Varanus, Merr 161

1. griseus (Daud.) 163

2. llavescens (Gray) .... 164

3. bengalensis (Daud.) . . 164

4. nebuloius (Gray) .... 165

5. dumerilii (Schley.) . . 165

6. salvator (Laur.) .... 106

Fam. VI. Lacertid^ .... 167

1. Tachydromus, Daud 168

1. sexlineatus, Daud. . . , 169

2. tachydromoidos

(Schley.) 169

STSTJOMATIC INDEX.

Page

2. Acanthodactylus, Wieym. 170

1. cantoris, Gthr 170

2. micruphuliy, Blanf. . . 171

3. Cabrita, Grai/ 171

1. lescheuaultii {M.-

_ mio.) 172

2. jerdonii, Bedd 173

4. Uphiops, Mmetr 173

1. jerdonii, Blyth 174

2. beddomii {Jcrd.) 174

3. elegaus, Mmetr 175

4. microlepis, Blanf.. . . . 175

5. Eremias, JViegin 17G

1. guttulata {LicJd.) .... 177

2. brevirostris {Blanf.). . 177

3. velox {Pall.) 178

4. fasciata, Blanf. 179

6. Scapteira, Wieg>n 179

1. acutirostris, Blyr 179

Fam. VII. SciNCiD^ 180

1. Mabiiia, Fitz 183

1. bibronii {Gray) 184

2. doriie, Blyr 184

3. dissimilis {Hallow.) . . 185

4. ■ septemkeniata {Reicss) 185

5. iniiotata (Blanf.) .... 186
G. novemcarinata

(Anders.) 187

7. beddomii {Jerd.) 187

8. vertebralis, Blyr 188

9. cariuata (Sc/tn.) .... 188

10. macularia (Blyth) . . 189

11. rugifera (Stol.) 190

12. midtifasciata ( AWi/) . . 191

13. tytleri, Blyr 191

14. quadricai'iuata, Blyr. . 192

2. Lygosoma, Gray 192

1. indicum (Gray) 195

2. zebiatum, Blyr 195

3. niaculatum (Blyth) . . 196

4. dussumieri, D.^B. . . 197

5. olivaceum (Gray). . . . 197
G. kakhienense, Blyr. . . 198

7. melanostictum, i?^/;' . . 199

8. sikkimense (Bh/th) . . 199

9. himalayanum (Gthr.) . 200

10. dorite, Blyr 201

11. ladacense (Gthr.) .... 201

12. laterimaculatum, i?/(/?-. 202

13. bilineatum {Gray) .. 202

14. heMonm, Blyr 203

15. travancoricinu (Bedd.) 204

Page

10. uiacrotympanum(<S'to/.) 204

17. maci'otis (Steind.) . . . . 205
(Mocoa foi'incsa, Blyth.)

18. taprobaiiense (AW.) .. 200

19. fallax, Ptrs 20G

20. lineolatum (Stol.) 207

21. comoiti, Blyr 207

22. albopunctatum (Gray) 208
23.- punctatum (L.) 208

' 209

210
210
211
211
212

24. guentheri(P/rs.)

Aii.

fe£e, Blyr,

26. cyanelluni (Stol.) . .
'27: anguinum (Theoh.)

28.- calamus, Blyr

29. lineatum ( Gray) . .

(Euprepes lialiaiius, Nevill.)

3. Ablephanis, Fitz 213

1. brandtii, Strauch .... 213

2. gTayauus (Stol.) .... 214

4. Eistella, Gray 214

1. rurkii, Gray 215

2. travancorica, Bedd. . . 216

3. guentheri, Blyr 216

4. beddomii, Bh/r 216

5. Tropidophorus, D.^ B... 217

1. berdmorii (Blyth) . . 217

2. ■ yimnanensis, Blyr. .. 217

6. Eumeces, Wieqm 218

1. sCLitatus (fheoh.) 218

2. tseniolatus (Blyth) . . 219

3. schneideri (Baud.) . . 219

4. bly thianus {Anders.) . . 220
Scincus, Law 220-

221

.'. 221

1. arenarins, Murr.

222
222
223
224

8. Ophiomorus D. tJJ- B. . .

1. tridactylus (Blyth)

2. blanfordii, Blyr. . .

9. Cbalcides, Laar

1. ocellatus (Forsk.) . .

2. pentadactylus (Bedd.) 224

10. Sepophis, Bedd 225

1. punctatus, Bedd 225

11. Chalcidoseps. Blyr 226

1. thwaitesii (Gthr.) 226

12. Acontias, C'uv 226

1. burtonii (Gray) 227

2. monodactylus ( Gray) . 228

3. layardii, Kel. 228

4. sarasinorum, F. Miill, . 228

Fam. VIII
1

DlBAMID^ 229

Dibamus, IJ. cf B 229

1. novte-guiueie, I>. ^ B. 230

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Zl

Page

Subord. II. Rhiptoglossa. 230

Fam. I. CHAM^LEONTIDiE.. . 230

1. Chamseleou, Laur 232

1, calcaratus, Merr 232

Subord. III. p H I D I A 232

Fam. I. Typhlopid.^ 231

1. Typlilops, Sckneid 235

1. bramiuus (Daud.). . . . 236

2. beddomii, BIf/r 237

3. leucoinelas, Bl(/r 237

4. jerdoni, B!(/r 238

5. oatesii, Bl(/r 238

6. diardi, Scldcy 238

7. bothriorhynchus,

Gthr 239

8. poiTectus, Stul 240

9. tlieobaldiauu3, Stol. . . 240

10. minis, Jan 240

11. andaiuaneusis, Stol. . . 241

12. tenuicollis (PM?.) 241

13. acutiis (D. ^-B.) .... 241

Fam. II. Glauconiid.e .... 242

1. Glaucoma, Graif 243

1. blanfordii, Bhjr 243

Fam. ni. Boiu^ 244

Subfani. I. Pythonince 245

1. Pytliou, Daud 245

1. reticulatus {Sckneid.). . 246

2. molurus (L.) 246

Subfam. II. Boin(e 246

2. Gongylopbis, Wagl 246

1. conicus (Sckneid.). . . . 247

3. Eryx, Baud 247

1. johnii {Buss.) 248

Fam. IV. Llysiid^ 242

1. Cylindropbis, Wai/l 249

1. rufus {Laur.) 251

2. maculatus (Z.) 251

Page

Fam. V. Uropeltid^ .... 251

1. Uropeltis, Cuv 253

1. grandis, Kel 254

2. Rhiuophis, Hempr 254

1. oxyrliynchus

(Sckneid.) 255

2. punctatus, Miill 255

3. plauiceps, Ptrs 255

4. trevelyanus (Kel.) .... 256

5. sanguineus, Bedd 256

6. blythii, Kel 256

3. Silybura, Grai/ 257

1. melanogaster {Gray). . 258

2. pulnevensis, Bedd. . . 260

3. grandis (fit'rfrf.) 261

4. petersii, Bedd 261

5. maculata, Bedd. .... 261

6. liura, Gthr 262

7. ocellata, Bedd 262

8. ni-ra, Bedd 263

9. nitida, Bedd. 263

10. dindigalensis, i>6YM.. . 264

11. broughami, Bedd 264

12. macrorhynchus, Bedd. 264

13. beddomii, Gtkr 265

14. ellioti. Gray 265

15. phipsonii. Mason .... 266

16. rubrolineata, Gtkr. .. 266

17. myheudr*, Bedd 267

18. madurensis, Bedd. . . 267

19. rubromaculata, Bedd. . 268

20. arcticeps, Gtkr 268

21. brevis, Gtkr 268

22. macrolepis, Ptrs 269

4. Pseudoplectrurus, Blyr. . . 270
1. canaricus {Bedd.) 270

5. Plectrurus, D. S,- B 270

1. perroteti, D. ^- B 271

2. davisouii, Bedd 271

3. guentheri, Bedd. 271

4. aureus, Bedd 272

6. Melanophidium, Gtkr. . . 272

1. wynadense (Bedd.) . . 272

2. punctatum, Bedd.. . . . 273

3. bilineatum, Bedd. 273

7. Platvplectrurus, Gtkr. . . 273

1, trilineatus (Bedd.) 274

2, madurensis, Bedd 274

3, sangiuneus (Bedd.) . . 274

Fam. VI. XENOPELTIDiE.

275

1. Xenopeltis, Reinw 276

1. unicolor, Reinw 276

xu

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Fani. VJI. CoLUBRiDJE

Page

277

Series A. Aglypha 279

Subfaiu. I. Colubrince 279

1. Calaniaria, Bote 281

1. pavimentata, JD.^B.. 282

2. cateuflta, Bhjth 282

2. Xylopliis, L'edd 283

1. penoteti {D. ^ B.) . . 283

2. stenorhvncbus(6Y/jr.) , 284

3. Trachischiuui, Gthr 284

1. fusciim (BIyth) 285

2. guentheri, Bh/r 285

3. temiiceps {Blyth) 286

4. monticola (Crt«^.) 286

5. rubiiventer {Jerd.) . . 286

4. BlvtLia, T/ieob 287

1/ reticulata (Bli/th) 287

5. Aspidura, JVaffl 288

1. brachyorrlios [Boie) . . 289

2. copii, Gthr 289

3. guentlieri, Fergus. . . 290

4. traclivprocta, Coj^e . . 200

6. Haplocefcus, Gt/o- 290

1. ceylonensis, Gt/w 291

7. Lycodon, Buie 291

1. striatus (Shaiv) 292

2. jara (,%aiv) 292

3. anamallensis, Gthr. . . 293

4. travancoricus (Bedd.) . 293

5. aulicLis (Z.) 294

6. atropurpureus {Cant.) 294

7. septentrionalis

{Gthr.) 295

8. fasciatus {Anders.) . . 295

9. gammiei {Blanf.) .... 296
10. carinatus (Kuhl) .... 296

subfuscus, Cant 297

sauguiventer (Crtw^.), . 297

8. IlYdrophobus, Gthr 297

1.^ uymplia {Datid.) .... 298

2. gracilis {Gthr.) 298

3. davisonii {Blanf.) 299

9. Pseudocyclophis, Btfg. . . 299

1. walteri, Btty 300

2. olivaceus (Bedd.) 300

3. bicolor (Blyik) 300

10. Polyodontophis, Blc/r. . . 301

1. collaris (Gray) 302

2. subpunctatus (I). 4-

B.) 303

3. Sagittarius {Cant.) .... 303

4. bistrigatus {Gthr.) . . 304

Page

11. Ablabes, D.J- B 304

1. calamaria {Gthr.) .... 305

2. scriptus, Theoh 305

3. frenatus {Gthr.) 306

4. doriae, BUjr 306

5. rappii, Gthr 307

6. uicobariensis, Stol. .... 307

7. porphyraceus {Ca7it.) . 308

12. Coronella, Laur 308

1. brachyura {Gthr.) 309

13. Simotes, I). <!^ B 309

1. splendidus, Gthr 310

2. cyclurus {Cant.) .... 311

3. albocinctus ( Cant.) . . 312

4. violaceus (Cant.) .... 312

5. octolineatus (Schn.) . . 313

6. arnensis {8haio) 314

7. beddomii, Bkjr 314

8. theobaldi, Gthr 315

9. cruentatus, Gtltr 315

10. torquatus, Blgr 316

11. plauiceps, Blgr 316

14. Oligodon, iyo/^' 317

1. venustus (Jerd.) .... 317

2. travancoricus, i^et?(i. . . 318

3. aliinis, Gthr 318

4. brevicauda, Gthr 319

5. dorsalis {Gray) 319

6. templetonii, Gthr 320

7. subliueatus, D. 4'- B.. 320

8. ellioti, Gthr 321

9. subgriseus, D. Sf B. . . 321

15. Lytorbyncbus, Ptrs 322

1. paradoxus (G^/t/*.). .. . 323

16. Zauienis, Wagl 323

1. korros {Schleg.) 324

2. mucosas (L.) 324

3. ventriruaculatus

( Gray) 325

4. ladacensis, Anders. . . 326

5. kareliuii (Brandt) .... 326

6. gracilis, Gthr 327

7. fasciolatus (Shaui) .... 327

8. diadenia (Schleg.) .... 328

9. arenarius, Blgr 329

17. Zaocys, C'o/J^.. 329

1. nigromarginatus

(BIyth) 329

18. Coluber, L. 330

1. lieleaa, Daud 331

2. reticularis, Cant 332

3. hodgsonii (Gthr:) .... 332

4. tseuiurus (Cope) 333

5. radiatus, Schleg 3.33

6. melanurus, Schleg. . . . 334

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

XUl

Page

7. prasinus, Blyth 334

8. freuatus (Gray) .... 335

9. oxyceplialus, Bote .... 335
10. Xenelaphis, Gthr 336

1. hexagonotus (Cfm^.) . . 336

20. Dendrophis, Boie 337

1. grandoculis, Blgr 337

2. pictus, Gm 337

3. subocularis, Blyr 338

4. bifrenalis, Bhjr 338

5. caudolineolatus, G^^r. . 339

21. Dendrelaphis, Blgr. .... 339

1. caudolineatus ( Trz-rt//) . 339

22. Pseudoxenodon, Blgr. . . 340

1. macrops {Bli/th) 340

23. Tropidonotus, Kxhl 341

1. modestus, Gthr 343

2. platyceps, Blylh .... 343

3. khasiensis, Blgr 344

4. beddomii, Gthr 344

5. parallelus, Blgr 345

6. chrjsargus, Schleg .... 345

7. nigrocinctus, Blyth . . 346

8. cevloiiensis, Gthr 346

9. subrainiatus, Schleg. . . 347

10. himalayanus, Gthr. . . 347

11. monticola, Jerd. .... 348

12. stolatus (L.) 348

13. piscator (Schn.) 349

14. bellulus, ^S/o/ 350

15. sancti-jobani-iis, /)/r/r. . 350

16. punctulatus, Gthr. . . 350

17. plumbicolor, Cant.... 351
aiigiisticeps, Blyth . . 352

24. Helicops, JVagl 352

1. scbistosus {Daud.) . . 352

25. Xenocbropbis, Gthr 353

1. cerasogaster (Cant.) . . 353

Subfam. II. Acrochordince . . 354

26. Stoliczkaia, Jerd 354

1. kbasieusis, Jerd 355

27. Cbersydrus, Cm 355

1. granulatus (Schn.) . . 355

Series B. Opisthoglypha . . 356

Subfam. III. Dipsadimc .... 356

28. Dipsas, Boie 357

1. ti'igonata (Schn.) .... 358

2. barnesii, Gthr 359

3. ceylonensis, Gthr 359

4. gokool, Gray 360

Page

5. multimaculata, Schleg. 3(30

6. bexagonotiis, Blyth . . 361

7. cyanea (D. S,- B.) 361

8. foi-steni (i». S,- B.) .... 362

29. Elacbistodon, Bei?ih 362

1. westermanni, i^t' /?«/«.. . 363

30. Psammodyuastes, Gthr. . , 363

1. pulverulentus (5oi>). . 363

31. Psammopbis, Boie 365

1. leitbii, Gthr 365

2. condanarus (Afeir.) . . 366

3. longifrons, Blgr 366

32. Dryopbis, Boie 367

1. perroteti (D. 8f B.) . . 368

2. dispar (Gthr.) 368

3. fronticinctus, Gthr. . . 368

4. pi-asiniis, Boie 369

5. mvcterizans {Daud.) . , 370

6. pulverulentus(2).i.5- J9.) 371

33. Cbrysopelea, Boie 371

1. ornata (Shaio) 371

Subfam. IV. Homalopsince . . 372

34. Ilomalopsis, Kuhl 373

1. buccata (L.) 374

35. Cerberus, Cuv 374

1. rhyncbops (Schn.) . . 374

36. Hypsirbina, JVagl 3^

1. plumbea (Boie) 376

2. eubydris (Schn.) 376

3. blaufordii, Blgr 377

4. sieboldii (Schleg.) 377

37. Fordouia, Gray 378

1. leucobaba (Schleg.) . . 378

38. Gerardia, Gray 379

1. prevostiaua {Eyd. 8f

Gerv.) 379

39. Cantoria, Gir 380

1. violacea, Gir 380

40. Hipistes, Gray 381

1. bydriuus (Cant.) .... 382

Series C. Proterogl5rpha . . 382
Subfam. V. Elapince 382

41. Callopbis, Gray 383

1. trimaculatus (Daud.) . 384

2. maculiceps, Gthr 384

3. nigrescens, Gthr 384

4. maccleRandii (Beinh.) 385

5. bibronii (Jan) 386

42. Adeniopbis, Ptrs 386

1. intestinalis (Laur.) . . 386

XIV

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

43. Biingarus, Datid 387

1. fasciatus (>S'c/i/i.) .... 388

2. ceylonicus, GtJir 388

3. caeruleus {Schn.) .... 388

4. biingaroides {Cant.) . . 389

5. liviclus, C'mit 389

44. Naia, Laur 390

1. tripudians, Merr 391

2. buugariis, Schleg 392

Siibfam. VI. Hydrophimce . . 393

45. Platurus, Baud 394

1. laticaudatus (i.) .... 395

2. colubiiuus {ScJm.). . . . 395

46. Enhydris, Merr 396

1. curtus {Shaw) 396

2. hardwickii ( Gray) 397

47. Hydrus, Sclmeid 397

1. platurus (i.) 397

48. Hydrophis, Baud. 398

1. schistosus, Baud. .... 399

2. casrulescens (Shaiv) . . 400

3. nigrocinctus, Baud. . . 401

4. mamillaris {Baud.) , . 401

5. spiralis {Shaw) 401

6. latifasciatus, Gt/ir. , . 401

7. coronatus, Gt/ir 402

8. torquatus, Gthr 402

9. obscLirus, Baud. 403

10. fasciatus {Schn.) 404

11. gracilis {Skaiv) 404

12. cantoris, Gthr 405

49. Enhydriua, Gray 405

1. yalakadien (Boie) .... 406

50. Distira, Lacep 407

1. stokesii (Gray) 408

2. jerdonii {Gray) 408

3. robusta {Gthr) 409

4. tuberculata {Ayulers.) 409

5. cyanocincta {Baud.) . . 410

6. bituberculata (Ptrs.) . 411

7. ornata {Gray) 411

crassicollis (Anders.) . 411

8. lapemidoides (Gray) . . 412

9. viperina (^Schnidt) .... 413

Fam. VIII.
Amblycephalid^ .... 414

] . Aiublycephalus, Kuhl. . . . 414

1. monticola (Cant.) .... 415

2. leevis, JB<jw 415

3. andersonii, B/yr 416

4. modestus (Theob.), . . . 416

5. niacularius {Theub.) . . 416

Page

Fam. IX. ViPEEiD^ 417

Subfara. I. Viperincs 418

1. Azemiops, BIgr 418

1. fea3, Blyr 418

2. Vipera, Zaur 419

1. russellii (Shaiv) 420

2. lebetina (L.) 421

3. Echis, Merr 421

1. carinata (Schn.) .... 422

Subfam. II. Crotalince 423

4. Ancistrodou, Beauv. . . .•. 423

1. hirnalayanus (Gthr.) . 424

2. hypnale {Merr.) 424

5. Trimeresurus, Lacep 425

1. monticola, Gthr 426

2. strigatus, Gray 427

3. jerdonii, Gthr. 427

4. mucrosquamatus

{Cant.) 428

5. cantoris (Blyth) 428

6. purpui-eomaculatus

(Gray) 429

7. gramineus (Shaw) .... 429

8. anamallensis, Gthr. , . 430

9. trigonocephalus

(Baud.) 431

10. macrolepis, Bedd 431

BATRACHIA 432

Order I. ECAUDATA 432

Suborder I.
Phaneboglossa 433

Series A. Firmistemia .... 433

Fam. I. Ranid^ 435

1 . Oxyglossus, Tsch 430

1. lima {Gravh.) 436

2. Isevis, Gthr 437

2. Rana, L 438

1. hexadactyla, Zess 441

2. cyanophlyctis, AScA?^.. . 442

3. corrugata, Btrs 443

4. kublii, B.i!,- B 443

5. laticeps, Blyr 444

6. khasiana (Anders.) . . 444

7. liebigii, Gthr 445

8. sternosignata, Murr. . 445

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

XV

Page

9. fea;, Blgr 44G

10. audersonii, Bl(;r 447

11. doriae, Blgr 447

12. macrodon, D. S^- B. . . 448

13. verrucosa, Gthr 448

14. tigriim, Dand 440

15. limnocliaris, Wiegm. . 450

16. rufesceus (jerd.) .... 451

17. breviceps, Sc/i7i 451

18. dobsouii, Blgr 452

19. strachani (Murr.) 452

20. leithii, Blgr 453

21. beddomii {Gt/ir.) 453

22. semipalmata, Blgr. . . 454

23. leptodactyla, Blgr. . . 454

24. diplosticta (Gtkr.) . . 455

25. pbr^-noderma, Blgr. . . 455

26. macrodactyla {Gthr.) . 455

27. gracilis, Gravh 456

28. malabarica, I). ^- B... 456

29. lateralis, Blgr 457

30. curtipes, Jerd 458

31. tytleri (Tkeob.) 458

32. nicobariensis (*SYo/.). . 459

33. temporalis {Gthr.) . . 459

34. margariana (Anders.) 459

35. humeralis, Blr/r 400

36. erytluvnea (Schlcg.) . . 460

37. monlicola (A/idos.) . . 461

38. livida (Blgth) 462

39. latopalniata, Blgr 462

40. hiiualavaua, Blr/r 463

41. formosci {Gthr.j 403

3. Micrixalus, Blgr 464

1. saxicola {Jerd.) 465

2. sarasiuorum (F. Miill.) 465

3. opistborhodus {Gthr) 465

4. fuscus (Blgr.) 466

5. silvaticus (^/(/r.) .... 40(>

4. Nyctibatracbus, ^Blgr. . . 467

1. pypmasus {Gthr.). . , . 467

2. major, Blgr 468

5. Nauimbatraclius, Blgr. . . 468
1. beddomii, Blgr 468

6. Nannopbrys, Gthr. 469

1. ceyloneusis, Gthr. . . 469

2. gueutberi, Blgr 469

7. Ebacopborus, Kuhl .... 470

1. maximus, Gthr 472

2. bimaculatus, Blgr. . . 472

3. malabaricus, Jerd. . . . 473

4. beddomii, Blgr 473

5. lateralis, Blgr 473

6. tuberculatus (Aiiders.) 474

7. leucomystax (Gravh.). 474

8. maculatus ( Gray) .... 475

PagP

9. cruciger ( 5/7/^/1) 476

10. eques {Gthr.) 476

11. nasutus {Gtlir.) 477

12. reticiUatus {Gthr.) . . 477

13. dubiiis, Blgr 477

14. nanus ( Gthr.) 478

15. jerdouii (Gthr.) 478

16. pleurostictus (Gthr.) . 479

17. miciotvmpanum

(Gthr.) 479

18. stictomerus {Gthr.) . 480

19. fergusouii, Blgr 480

20. cavirostris {Gthr.) . . 481
8. Ixalus, I).^-B 481

1. oxyrbynebus, Gthr. . . 482

2. leilcorbiuus, Mart. . . 483

3. scbmardanus(7iip/.) .. 483

4. nasutus, Gthr 484

5., bypomelas, Gthr 484

6. vittatus, Bl(/r 485

7. ])ulcbpr, Blgr 485

8. femoralis, Gthr 485

9. beddomii, Gthr 486

10. adspersus, Gthr 486

11. variabilis, Gthr 487

12. signatus, Blgr 487

13. flaviveutris, Blgr 487

14. cbalazodes, Gthr. :.. . 488

15. glandulosus, Jerd. . . . 488

Fam. II. Engystomatid.s; . . 489

1. Melauobatracbus, Bedd. . 489
1. iudicus, Bedd 489

2. Calopbiyuus, Tsch 490

1. pleurostigma, Tsc/i. .. 490

3. Microbyla, Tsch 491

1. rubra (Jerd.) 491

2. oruata (D. ^- B.) 491

3. berdmorii (Blgth) 492

4. Callula, Grag 493

1. obscura, Gthr 493

2. pulcbra, G'ray 494

3. macrodactyla, Blgr. . . 494

4. A'ariegata, Stol. 494

5. triangularis, Gthr. . . 495

5. Cacopus, Gthr 495

1. systoma (Schn.) 496

2. globulosus, Gthr 497

6. Glypboglossus, Gthr 497

l.'^molossus, Gthr 497

Fam. III. DyscoPHid; .... 498

1. Calluella, <SYo/ 498

1. gutlulata (Blgth) 498

XVI

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

Series B. Arcifera 491)

Fam. IV. BuFONiD^ 499

1. Nectophryne, Buchh. 8,-

Ptrs 500

1. tuberculosa (Gih:) . . 500

2. Bufo, Law 500

1. pulclier, Blf/r 501

2. kelaartii, Gthr 502

3. hololius, Gthr 502

4. macrotis, Blr/r 502

5. beddoniii, Gthr 503

6. latastii, Bl(/r 503

7. viridis, Laur 504

8. andersonii, Blffr 504

9. olivaceus, Blanf. .... 504

10. hiiualayamis, Gthr. . . 505

11. microtympanum, Blgr. 505

12. melanostictus, Schn. . . 505

13. parietalis, Btgr 507

14. biporcatus, Gravh 507

15. asper, Gravh 507

3. Cophophryne, Blgr 508

1. sikkimensis (Blyth) . . 508

Fam. V. HYLiDiE 509

l.Hyla, im«- 509

1. annectens (Jerd.) .... 509

Page

Fam. VI. Pelobatid^ 610

1. Leptobrachium, Tsch 610

1. moDticola {Gthr.) .... 510

2. hasseltii, Tsch 611

3. carinense, Blgr 511

4. feaj, Blgr 512

Order II. CAUDATA 513

Fam. I. Salamandrid^ .... 513

1. Tylototriton, Anders 513

1. verrucosus, Anders. . . 514

Order III. APODA 515

Fam. I. C^ciLiiD.s; 515

1. Ichthyopbis, Fiiz 515

1. glutinosus (L.) 515

2. monocbrous (Blkr.) . . 517

2. Urseotypblus, Ptrs 517

1. oxyuriis [D. Sf B.) . . 517

2. malabaricus (Bedd.) . . 518

3. Gegenophis, Pt?'s 518

1. carnosus (Bedd.) .... 518

LIST OP THE PRINCIPAL WORKS QUOTED IN
THE SYNONYMY.

A. M. N. H. Aunals and Magazine of Natural History. London, 1838-1889.

Anders. An. Zool. Res. Anatomical and Zoological Eesearches, comprisint^
an Account of tlie Zoological Eesults of the two Expeditions to Western
Yunnan in 1868 and 1875. By John Anderson. London, 1879.

Blanf. E. Pers. Eastern Persia, an Account of the Journeys of the Persian
Boundary Commission, 1870-71-72.— Vol. II. The Zoology and Geoloev
By W. T. Blanford. London, 1876.

Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Grad. 8cc. Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia
8. Caudata and Batrachia Apoda in the Collection of the British Museum,
2nd Edition. By G. A. Boidenger. London, 1882.

Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata
in the Collection of the British Museum. 2nd Edition. By G. A. Boulenger.
London, 1882.

Bouleng. Cat.Chelon. &c. Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians,
and Crocodiles in the British Museum, New Edition, by G. A Boulenger
London, 1889.

Bouleng. Cat. Liz. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. 2nd
Edition, by G. A. Boulenger. 3 vols. London, 1885-1887.

Daud. Rept. Histoire NatureUe des Eeptiles, By F. M. Daudin 8 vols
Paris, 1802-1803.

Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. Erp6tologie Gen^rale ou Histoire naturelle
complete des Eeptiles. By A. M. 0. Dumeril et G. Bibron 9 vols.
Paris, 1834-1854.

Fayrer, Thanatoph. The Thanatophidia of India, being a Description of
the Venomous Snakes of the Indian Peninsula, with an account of the
influence of their poison on life, and a series of experiments. 2nd Edition,
by J. Fayrer. London, 1874.

Gray, 111. Ind. Zool. Illustrations of Indian Zoology, chiefly selected from
the collection of Major-General Hardwicke. By J. E. Gray 2 vols
London, 1830-1834.

Gray, Cat. Liz. Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of
the British Museum. By J. E. Gray. London, 1845.

Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. Catalogue of Shield Eeptiles in the Collection of
the British Museum. — Part I. Testudinata. ByJ. E.Gray. London, 1855.

Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. Suppl. Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield
Reptiles.— Part I. Testudinata. By J. E. Gray. London, 1870.

Gray, Cat. Sn. Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of
the British Museum. By J. E. Gray. London, 1849.

b

XVlll WORKS QUOTED.

Gray, Cat. Tort. Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, aud Ampliis-
basnians in the Collection of the British Museum. By J. E. Gtray. London,
1844.

Gunth. Cat. Batr. Sal. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. By A. Griinther. London, 1858.

Gunth. Cat. Col. Sn. Catalogue of the Colubrine Snakes in the Collection
of tlie British Museum. By A. Gunther. London, 18.58.

Gunth. R. B. I. The Reptiles of British India. By A. Giinther. London
(Ray Society), 1864.

J. A. S. B. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta, 1831-1889.

Jan, Icon, Ophid. Iconographie Generale des Ophidiens. By G. Jan.

Milan, 1860-1881.

Kelaart, Prod. Prodromus Faunre ZeylanicK ; being Contributions to the
Zoology of Ceylon. By E. F. Kelaart. Ceylon, 1852.

Laur. Syn. Rept. Specimen medicum, exhibens Synopsin Reptilium emenda-
tum. By J. N. Laureuti. Vienna, 1768.

Linn. Syst. Nat. Systema Naturc-e. Ed. duodecima reformata. By C.
A. Linne. Stockholm, 1776.

MB. Ak. Berl. Monatsberichte der koniglich Preussischen Akademie der
Wisseuschaften zu Berlin. Berlin, 1856-1881.

Merr. Tent. Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum. ByB. Merrem. Marburg,
1820.

Murray, Zool. Sind. The Vertebrate Zoology of Sind. By James A.
Murray. London and Bombay, 1884.

P. A. Si B. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta, 1865-

1887.

P. Z. S. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. London, 1830-

1889.

' Russell, Ind Serp. An Account of Indian Serpents, collected on the Coast
of Coromaudel. By P. Russell. 2 Tols. London, 1796-1801.

Schleg. Phys. Serp. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpens. By H.
Schlegel. 2 vols. The Hague, 1837.

Schneid. Hist. Amph. Historia Amphibiorum naturalis et literaria. By
J. G. Schneider. Jena, 1799-1801.

Theob. Cat. Descriptive Catalogue of the Reptiles of British India. ByW.
Theobald. Calcutta, 1876.

Wagl. Syst. Amph. Natiirliclies System der Amphibien. Bv J. Wagler.
Munich, 1830.

REPTILIA.

Reptiles may be briefly defined as cold-blooded Vertebrates
breathing by lungs throughout their existence, and having the
body covered with scales or scutes. A basioccipital bone is present
in the skull, which articulates with the vertebral column by a single
condyle.

The class Eeptilia is divided into a considerable number of
Orders, which are, however, mostly extinct. Eecent Reptiles
belong to four Orders, viz. : —

I. EMYDOSAURIA, Crocodiles.
II. CIIELONIA, Tortoises and Turtles.

III. SQUAMATA, Lizards and Snakes.

IV. RIITNCHOCEPHALIA, a primitive type, probably ances-
tral to the three others, and of ^^•hich a single existing representative
is known, the Tuatera of New Zealand.

Order!. EMYDOSAURIA.

Quadrate bone immovably united to cranial arches ; two hori-
zontal bony temporal arches. Cervical and dorsal ribs mostly
two-headed, the middle dorsals articulating with the transverse
processes of the neural arch. Sternum and interclavicle present ;
seven or eight transverse series of " abdominal ribs," not connected
with the vertebral ribs, each series composed of four ossicles, and
forming an angle directed forwards. Teeth present in the jaws,
implanted in alveoli. Ventricle of the heart divided by a complete
septum. Pectoral and abdominal cavities separated from each
other by a muscular diaphragm. Anal opening longitudinal.
Copulatory organ pi'esent, single.

B

CROCODILTD^.

Family I. CROCODILID^.

Nares anterior ; clioante opening far back between the pterygoids,
which, like the palatines and maxillaries, are produced into osseous
plates joining on the median line of the palate ; orbit communi-
cating A^ ith the infratemporal fossa. Vertebra) proca'lous ; ribs
with uncinate processes. No clavicles. Pubis excluded from
acetabulum. Manus with five well-developed digits, pes with four.
A dorsal armour of bony scutes. Ears with movable opercles.

A.

/ ^(f

Fig. 1. — Skull of Crocodilus palustris.

A. Side view.

aiKj. Angular.
ar. Articular.
ho. Basioccipital.

d.

CO.

/.

J-
I.

Dentary.

Exoccipital.

Frontal.

Jugal.

Laclirvnial.

II. Upper view.

■>/i. Maxillary.

n. Nasal.

p. Parietal.

pi. Palatine.

pm. Prffiinaxillary.

2)rt'. Pnvfrontal.

pf. Pterygoid.

C. Lower view.

■pff. Post frontal.
q. Quadrate.
qj. Quadratojugal.
s.ang. Supra-angular.
so. Supraoecipital.
sq. Squamosal.
i}). Trauspalatine.

GAVIALIS. a

Tongue entirely attached to the floor of the mouth. Pupil
vertical. Only the three inner digits clawed.

The Crocodiles are at the same time the most highly organized
and the largest of existing Eeptiles. They are thoroughly aquatic
and carnivorous. Their eggs, which have a hard shell, are deposited
on the banks of the water, in a hollow slightly covered up with
sand.

23 or 24 living species are known from Africa, Southern Asia to
the Tang-tse-Kiang, North Australia, and the tropical and warm
parts of xlmerica. In the fauna with which the present work
deals, Crocodiles are represented by two genera, thus distin-
guished : —

Snout extremely elongate ; 27 teeth or more on each

side of upper jaw Gavialis, p. 3.

Snout moderate; 17 to 19 teeth on each side of

upper jaw Crocodilus, p. 4.

Genus GAVIALIS,
Oppel, Ordn. Rept. p. 19, 1811.

27 to 29 upper and 25 or 20 lower teeth on each side, anterior
largest, laterals subequal, not received into interdental pits ; the
first, second, and third mandibular teeth fitting into notches in the
upper jaw. Snout extremely narrow and elongate, dilated at the
end ; nasal bones comparatively short, widely separated from the
prsemaxillaries ; nasal opening smaller than the supratemporal
fossae ; lower anterior margin of orbit (jugal) raised. Mandibular
symphysis extremely long, extending to the 23rd or 24th tooth,
comprising the splenial bones. A dorsal shield formed of four
longitudinal series of juxtaposed, keeled, bony scutes.

A single species, only found in rivers.

1. Gavialis gangeticus.

Lacerta ganp:etica, G7nel. Si/st. j\\it. i, p. 1057.

Gavialis gangeticus, Gilnth. Bept. B. 1. p. 03 ; Boulemj. Cat. Chel.

^c. p. 275.
Gharialis gangeticus, Theob. Cat. p. 37.

Snout 3i (adult) to 5| times (young) as long as broad at the
base. Nuchal and dorsal scutes forming a single continuous shield,
composed of 21 or 22 transverse series ; an outer row of soft,
smooth or feebly-keeled scutes in addition to the bony dorsal
scutes ; two small postoccipital scutes. Median fingers one-third,
outer toes two-thirds webbed. A strong crest on the outer edge of
the forearm, leg, and foot. Adult dark olive above ; young pale
olive, with dark brown spots or cross-bands.

Hab. Indus, Granges, and Brahmaputra rivers and their larger
tributaries ; also Mahiinadi of Orissa, and Koladyue river, Arrakan,
but not the Nerbudda, Tapti, Grodavari, Kistna, Irrawaddy, or other
rivers of India or Burma.

The Gharial reaches a length of 20 feet ; it feeds entirely upon
fish, for seizmg which its narrow jaws are specially adapted.

b2

* CEOCODILIDJ5.

Genus CROCODILUS,
Laur. Syu. Kept. p. oo (part.), 1768.

17 to 19 upper and 15 lower teeth on each side ; fifth maxillary
tooth largest ; the fourth mandibular usually fitting into a notch
in the upper jaw. Snout more or less elongate ; nasal bones ex-
tending to the nasal aperture, which is undivided and larger than
the supratemporal fossae. Splenial bones not entering the man-
dibular symphysis, which does not extend beyond the eighth tooth.
A dorsal shield formed of four or more longitudinal series of juxta-
posed, keeled, bony scutes.

Distribution. Africa, Southern Asia, North Australia, Tropical
America.

11 or 12 species appear to be well established.

Synojjsis of Indian Species.

Snout* If to 2;^ times as long as broad C. porosus, p. -l.

Suout 1| to 1| times as long as broad C. palustris, p. 5.

2. Crocodilus porosus.

Crocodilus porosus, Schneid. Hist. Aviph. ii, p. 159 ; GUnth. Rept.

B. I. p. 62 ; Theob. Cat. p. 36 ; Boulem/. Cat. Chel. dfc. p. 284.
, Oopliolis pondicherianus, Gray, A. M. N. II. (3) x, 1862, p. 268.
Crocodilus pondicerianus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 62, pi. vii; Theoh.

Cat. p. 36.

17 to 19 upper teeth on each side. Suout 1 1 to 2| times as long
as broad at the base ; head rough, snout with a more or less strong
ridge on each side in front of the eye, slightly converging towards
its fellow ; mandibular symphysis extending to the fifth tooth ;
prsemaxillo-maxillary suture, on the palate, directed backwards or
W-shaped ; nasal bones sepai*atiug the prciemaxillaries above, l^our
large nuchal scutes forming a square, with one or two smaller ones
on each side ; postoccipital scutes usually absent, sometimes small
and irregular. Dorsal shield well separated from the nuchal, the
scutes forming 16 or 17 transverse and 4 to 8 longitudinal series ;
scales on sides and limbs smooth or feebly keeled, dingers webbed
at the base : outer toes extensively webbed. A serrated friuge on
the outer edge of the leg. Adult dark olive above ; young pale
olive, with large black spots on the body and tail and clots on the
head.

Hah. Bengal, East coast of India, Ceylon, Burma, and Southern
China to North Australia and the Solomon and Fiji Islands.
Eutering salt water and frequently occurriug out at sea. Not
recorded from West coast of India. It is not certain that this
species is found far above the tideway in rivers.

A specimen 33 feet long is on record.

* The snout is the portion of the head in front of tlie orbits.

CROCODILTJS. 5

3. Crocodilus palustris.

Crocodilus palustris, Lesson in Behiny. T'ln/. Inch Or., ZooL p. 305 ;
Kehiart, Pt-och: p. 183 ; Gilnth. Rept. B. I, p. 61, pi. viii, fig. A j
Theoh. Cat. p. 3G ; Bouleny. Cat. Chel. S^-c. p. 285.

Crooodilus trigouops, Clray, Cat. Tort. ^-c. p. 62.

19 upper teeth on each side. Snout Ig to 1| as long as broad
at the base ; head rough but without any ridges : mandibular
symphysis extending to the level of the fourth or fifth tooth ; pree-
maxillo-maxillaiT suture, on the palate, transverse, nearly straight,
or curved forwards ; nasal bones separating the praemaxillaries
above. Four large nuchals forming a square, with a smaller one
on each side ; two pairs of smaller nuchals on a transverse series
behind the occiput. Dorsal shield well separated from the nuchal,
the scutes usually in 4, rarely in 6, longitudinal series, those of
the two median usually considerably broader than long ; 16 or 17
transverse series. Scales on limbs keeled. Fingers webbed at the
base ; outer toes extensively webbed. A serrated fringe on the
outer edge of the leg. Adult blackish olive above ; young pale
olive, dotted and spotted with black.

The largest specimen in the British Museum measures 12 feet,
but individuals are said to grow much larger.

Hah. India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peuinsula and Archipelago.
This is the common Crocodile of India, found in rivers, marshes,
and ponds, and extending west to Sind and Baluchistan.

This species is easily distinguished from G. porosus by its
shorter snout and by the presence of five teeth in each prae-
maxillarv bone, whilst the adult of the latter has but four.

6

Order 11. CHELONIA.

Quadrate bone immovably united to cranial arches. Dorsal ribs
single-headed, the anterior attached between two vertebrae. Body
encased in a bony shell. A plastron formed of a small number of
elements in addition to the clavicles. No sternum. No teeth ;
jaws covered with horny sheaths. Anal opening round or
longitudinal. Copulatory organ present, single.

Oviparous ; eggs with a hard shell, except in the CJielonidce.

The Tortoises and Turtles of India fall into five Families*.

Suborder I. THECOPHORA.

Dorsal vertebrae and ribs immovably united and expanded into
bony plates forming a carapace. Parietals prolonged downwards
towards the pteiygoids.

Superfam. A. TEIONYCHOIDEA.

Articulation between the last cervical and the first dorsal
vertebra by the zygapophyses only. Marginal bones absent or
forming an incomplete series.

Carapace and plastron without epidermal shields,

covered with a soft skin Fam. 1. Trionychidae.

Superfam. B. CETPTODIRA.

Centrum of the last cervical vertebra articulating with the
centrum of the first dorsal. A complete series of marginal bones,
connected with the ribs.

Digits short ; tail short, with proccelous ver-

tebrPB Fam. 2. Testudinidae.

Digits .short ; tail long ; caudal vertebrae mostly

opisthoccelous Fam. 3. Platysternidae.

Limbs paddle-shaped, with only one or two claws.

Marine Fam. 4. Chelonidae.

Suborder II. ATHECyE.

Vertebrae and ribs free, separated from a bony exoskeleton.
Skull without descending processes of the parietal bones.

Limbs paddle-shaped, clawless. Marine.... Fam. 5. Sphargidae.

* These five families, so far as Indian genera are concerned, may be recog-
nized from external cbaracters by use of the following key : —

Limbs witli foiu- or five claws.

Tail short Testudinidae.

Tail nearly as long as the sliell Platysternidae.

Limbs \\ith three claws Trionychidae.

Limbs with one or two claws Chelonidae.

Limbs witliout claws Sphargidae.

CHELO^flA.

For the illustration of the osteological characters employed in
the systematic ari-angement, the following figures are appended of
a skull, and of a shell stripped of the horny epidermal shields.

pm

put

B.

C.

Fig. 2. — Skull of Trionyx r/angeticus.

A. Side view.

B. Upper view.

C, Lower view.

ar.

Articular.

./. Jugal.

pt. Pterygoid.

ho.

Basio«;ipital.

m. Maxillary.

jytf. Postl'roatal.

bp.

Basiplionoid.

opo, Opistliotie.

q. Quadrate.

c.a.

Columella auris.

2). Parietal.

qj. Quadrat ojugal

COT.

Coronoid.

pi. Palatine.

s.ang. Supra-angular

d.

Dentary.

2}m. Praemaxillary.

go. Supraocci iital

eo.

Exoccipital.

prf. PriTfrontal.

sq. Squamosal.

f.

Fi-oiilal.

pro. Prootic.

V. Vomer.

8

CHELONIA.

The arrangement of the bones or plates of the shell, as shown in
fig. 3, differs entirely from that of the overlying sJiields, both in
the upper shell {carapace) and lower (plastron) ; but the impres-
sions of the shields are nearly always distinct, as represented in
figures 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14. In these figures crosses are inserted
to indicate the position of the anterior (axillary) and posterior
(inguinal) processes or buttresses of the plastron, which, if present,
anchylose with the lower surface of the carapace. Figure 4 refers
to the terminology of the epidermal shields.

CO.

enf.

epp.

hyop.

B.

Fig. 3. — Shell of Morenia ocellata, showing bony plates.
A. Carapace. B. Plastron.

hi/pp. Hypoplastron. mt. Nuchal.

m. Marginal. jjy. Pygal.

ne. Neural. xyp. Xiphiplastron.

Costal.
Entoplastrou
Epiplastron
Hyoplastron.

The investigation of the bony plates presents no great difficulty,
and need not cause the slightest damage to the specimen, whether
dry or preserved in spirit ; for the removal of one or two epidermal
shields with a penknife requires but a little care, and after the
examination the horny shields may be stuck on again with gum
which is not soluble in alcohol. There is much greater variety,
apart from individual variations, in the disposition of the bony
plates than in that of the overlying shields, and much greater
profit is to be derived from the study of the former in determining
the relationship of genera of Tortoises.

TEIOXTCHID.5.

9

The connexion between the carapace and plastron is called the
hridge.

a.

an.

c.

A B

Fig, 4. — Shell of Chelone mydas, with epidermal liorny shields.

A. Carapace

h. Humeral.
ig. Intergular.
im. Infi-amarginal.

Abdominal,

Anal.

Costal.
/. Femoral.
g. Gular.
The anterior inframarginal is also termed axillary, and the posterior inguinal.

m. Marginal.

B. Plastron.

n. Nuchal.
p. Pectoral.
sc. Snpracaudal.
V. Vertebral.

Suborder I. THECOPHOBA.

Superfam. A. TRIONYCHOIDEA.

Neck bending by a sigmoid curve in a vertical plane ; cervical
vertebras without well-developed transverse processes ; articulation
between the last cervical and the first dorsal vertebra by the zyga-
pophyses only. Mandible with articulary concavity ; outer border
of tympanic cavity notched ; pterygoids not narrowed posteriorly,
separated from each other, the basispheuoid joining the palatines.
Pelvis not anchylosed to the carapace and plastron. Fourth digit
with four or more phalanges, Epiplastra separated from the
hyoplastra by the A-shaped eutoplastron. Marginal bones absent
or forming an incomplete series, not connected with the ribs.

Family I. TRIONYCHID.^.

Carapace and plastron without epidermal shields, covered \\\i\\ a
soft skin. Jaws concealed under fleshy lips ; snout ending in a
proboscis. Head and neck completely retractile. Ear hidden.
Only the three inner digits cla\^ed. Tail very short.

10 TBIONYCniD^,

Distribution. Rivers of Asia, Africa, and North America. Of
the six known genera, four are represented in the Indian Eegion.

The Trionychoids are thoroughly aquatic Turtles, living chiefly
in rivers ; Pcloclielys even enters the sea. Specimens of Emyda,
however, are occasionally found at some distance from water,
according to the observations of Kelaart and Blanford. All are
carnivorous, and their ferocious habits, together \\ith the extreme
rapidity with which they project their necks, render the larger indi-
viduals dangerous to men bathing. Of no commercial value.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

A. Plastron without cutaneous valves; hyoplastrou

distmct from hypoplastron ; no marginal ossi-
fications.
n. Orbit nearer the temporal than the nasal fossa ;

bony choanre between the orbits Thionyx, p. 10.

h. Orbit nearer the nasal than the temporal fossa ;

bony choanae between the orbits Pelochelys, p. 15.

c. Orbit nearer the nasal than the temporal fossa ;

bony choanse behind the orbits Chitba, p. 10.

B. Plastron with a cutaneous femoral valve,

under Avhich the hind limb may be con-
cealed ; hyoplastron coossified with hypo-
plastron ; marginal bones present Emyda, p. 10.

Genus TRIONYX,
Geoffr. Ann. Mus. xiv, 1809, p. 1 (part.).

Outer extremities of the nuchal plate overlying the second
dorsal rib ; neural plates well developed. Limbs completely
exposed. Hyoplastron distinct from hypoplastron ; not more
than live plastral callosities. Bony choana; between the orbits ; jaws
strong; postorbital arch narrower than the diameter of the orbit ;
posterior border of pterygoids free, without ascending process.

Distribution. Africa, Asia, North America.

15 species are recognized, 7 of which are found in India and
its dependencies. The dimensions given are those of specimens in
the British Museum : individuals may be found considerably larger,
some attaining probably 5 feet in length of carapace.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

A. All the costal plates separated on the median

line by the neural plates; head very large . T. suhplamis, p. 11.

B. Last pair of costal plates in contact on the

median line.
a. Two neural plates between the first pair
of costals; alveolar surface of lower jaw
without a strong longitudinal ridge at the
.symphysis.

TRIONTX. 11

a'. Inner edge of alveolar surface of mandible
strongly raised, forming a sharp ridge,
which sends off a short perpendicular
process at the symphysis ; interorbital
space, in the adult skull, narrower than
the external nasal opening ; head with
oblique black lines, converging for-
wards ; no ocellar spots T. (janijcticus, p. 1*2.

h'. Inner edge of alveolar surface of mandible
not or but very slightly raised, sym-
physis tlat or with a longitudinal furrow ;
interorbital space narrower than the
external nasal opening ; head with
oblique black lines, converging for-
wards ; young with small ocellar dorsal
spots T. leithii, p. 12.

c'. Inner edge of alveolar surface of mandible
not or but very slightly raised, sym-
physis ilat or with a longitudinal fur-
row ; interorbital space, in the adult
skull, broader than the external nasal
opening; head black-marbled, with a
large yellow spot behind each eye;
young with large ocellar dorsal spots. . T. hurum, p. 13.
b. A siiigle neural plate between the first pair
of costals; alveolar surface of lower jaw
with a strong longitudinal symphysial
ridge.

a' . Epiplastra widely separated from each
otlaer; plastral callosities well deve-
loped and largely pitted T. formosus, p. 14.

b', Epiplastra in contact in front of the ento-
plastron ; plastral callosities very feebly
developed, hnely sculptured T. phni/n'i, p. 14.

e'. Epiplastra in contact in front of tlie ento-
plastron ; plastral callosities well deve-
loped and largely pitted T. cartilagineiis^ p. I-').

4. Trionyx subplanus.

Trionyx subplanus, Geoffr. Ann. Mus. xiv, 1800, p. 11, pi. v, hg. 2 ;

Gilnth. Bept. B. I. p. 49 ; Bouleng. Cat. Chel. ^-c. p. 24G.
Dogania giintheri, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G2, p. 265.
Trionyx giintheri, Giinth. Rept. B. 1. p. 49, pi. vi, fig. A.

Carapace very flat ; costal plates eight pairs, the last well deve-
loped and separated by the last neural plate ; a single neural
between the first pair of costals ; these plates very finely granulate
and vermiculate ; a large fontanelle, till late in life, between the
nuclial and dorsal plates, Epiplastra narrowly separated from
each other in front of the entoplastron, which forms an obtuse or
a right angle ; plastral rugosities scarcely developed, on the hyo-
and hypoplasti'a and on the xiphiplastra. Dorsal skin of young
with interrupted longitudinal ridges. Head very large ; snout (on
tlie skull) about as long as the diameter of the orbit, which is more
than double the interorbital width ; postorbital arch extremely

12 TEIONTCHID,^,

narrow, forming a keel on its outer surface ; mandibular symphysis
shorter than the diameter of the orbit, without median ridge.
Brown above, yellowish beneath and on the sides of the neck ;
head and neck with yellowish dots ; some young with an oblique
dark streak behind each eye.

Length of dorsal disk 10 inches.

Hah. Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

5. Trionyx gangeticus.

Trionyx gaugeticus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. \,-p{.2, pp. 186, 222, pi. xi,

figs. 5-8 ; Bonlemj. Cat. Chel. S^c. p. 248.
Trionvx javaniciis {non Geoffr.), Grai/, III. Lid. Zool. ii, pi. Ixv ;

Giinth. Bept. B. I. p. 48.
Aspilus gataghol, Gray, A. M. N. H. (4) x, 1872, p. 339.
Trionyx gangeticiis, part., Theob. Cat. p. 28.

Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and in contact
throughout on the median line; two neurals between the first
pair of costals ; plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Epiplastra
narrowly separated from each other in front of the entoplastron,
which forms an obtuse or a right angle ; plastral callosities very
large, hyo-hypoplastral, xiphip] astral, and, in old specimens, ento-
plastral. Dorsal skin of young ^ith longitudinal ridges of small
tubercles. Head moderate ; snout (on the skull ) about as long as
the diameter of the orbit; interorbital region, in the adult, con-
siderably narrower than the nasal fossa ; postorbital arch one third
to one half the greatest diameter of the orbit ; mandible with the
inner edge strongly raised, forming a sharp ridge, which sends off
a short perpendicular process at the symphysis ; the diameter of
the mandible at the symphysis does not exceed the diameter of the
orbit. Olive above ; back of young vermiculated with fine black
lines, but \Aithout ocelli ; head with a black longitudinal streak
from between the eyes to the nape, intersected hy two or three
A- shaped black streak- s : lower parts yellowish.

Length of dorsal disk 2 feet.

Hah. Gangetic x'iver-system ; Indus ?

6. Trionyx leitliii.

Tiionvx leitbii, Gray, A. M. N. H. (4) x, 1872, p. 334 ; Boideng.

Cat. Chel. ^-c. p. 249.
? Trionyx gangeticus, Murray, Zobl. Sind, p. 342.

Intermediate between T. r/a^n/cfio's and T.Jinnim. Agrees with
the former in the width of the interorbital space, the comparatively
short mandibular symphysis, and the n)arkings of the head ; with
the latter in the longer and more pointed snout, the absence of a
strong ridge on the inner alveolar surface of the mandible, and in
the presence, in the young, of four or more dorsal ocelli, which are,
however, smaller than in T. hurxim.

Hah. Kistna Paver, Deccan, and Nelambar Eiver, Malabar.

This ^^'ill probably pro\e to be a Peninsular form, ranging from
the Indus to Madras and Malabar.

TEIONYX.

13

7. Trionyx hurum.

Trionyx hiinim, Gray, Syn. Hejjt. p. 47, pi. x ; id. III. Ind. Zool. ii,

pi. Ixvi ; Boideny. Cat. Chel. ^-c. p. 249.
Trionyx ocellatus, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. Ixxviii ; Theuh. P. A. S.

B. 1875, p. 174, pl. iv ; id. Cat. p. 29.
Trionyx gangeticiis, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 47.
Trionyx buchanani, Theob. P. A. S. B. 1874, p. 78.
Trionyx gangeticus, part., Theob. Cat. p. 28.

Fig. 5. — Trionyx httritm (young).

Costal plates eigbt pairs, the last well developed and in contact
throughout on the median line ; two neurals bet\^eeu the fii'st
pair of costals ; plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Epiplastra
narrowly separated from each other in front of the entoplastron,
which forms an obtuse or a right angle ; plastral callosities very
large, hyo-hypoplastral, xiphiplastral, and in old specimens ento-
plastral. Dorsal skin of young \^ith longitudinal ridges of small
tubercles. Head moderate ; snout (on the skull) a little longer
than the diameter of the orbit ; interorbital region, in the adult, as
broad as the nasal fossa ; postorbital arch somewhat more than
half the diameter of the orbit in the adult ; mandible without
strongly raised inner edge or longitudinal sympbysial ridge ; the
diameter of the mandible at the symphysis exceeds the diameter of
the oi'bit. Olive-brown above and beneath ; head, neck, limbs, and

14 TEIONTCHIDiE.

border of shell light-dotted ; head with large yellow spots, viz.
across the snout, behind tlie orbit, at the angle of the mouth,
ou the tympanic region, and on the chin ; these spots become
indistinct in the adult, the head of which is more or less closely
spotted or vermiculated with black ; dorsal disk in the young with
dark niarblings and four or six very large ocelli.

Length of dorsal disk 16 inches.

Hah. Granges and its tributaries.

8. Trionyx formosus.

Trionyx formosus, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G9, p. 217, pi. xv, fig-. 1 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 31 ; Bouleng. Cat. Chel. e^c. p. 250.
Trionyx pegueusis, Crray, Suppl.Cat, Sh.Rept. i, p. 99; Theob. Cat. p. 31.
Trionyx grayii, Theob. P. A. S.B. 1876, p. 176, pi. ill ; id. Cat. p. 31.

Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and in contact
throughout on the median line ; a single neural between the first
pair of costals ; plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Dorsal
skin of young with longitudinal ridges of small tubercles. Epi-
plastra separated from each other ; entoplastron forming an obtuse
or right angle ; plastral callosities well developed, hyo-hypoplastral
and xiphiplastral, and coarsely sculptured like the carapace. Head
moderate : snout (on the skull) about as long as the diameter of
the orbit ; interorbital region, in the adult, as broad as the nasal
fossa ; postorbital arch, in the adult, a little less than half the
diameter of the orbit ; mandible with a strong ridge along the
symphysis, the diameter of which equals or a little exceeds that
of the orbit. Olive-brown above, white below : head of young
oi"namented with yellow black-edged markings, the largest being
a cross-baud on each side of the back of the head ; these markings
disappear in the adult, the head of which is closely spotted with
black above and uniform white inferiorly ; young with four large
dorsal ocelli, as in T. hurwn.

Size of T. Jmrum.

Hab. Irrawaddy, Sittoung, and Salween rivers, Burma.

9. Trionyx phayrii.

Trionyx pliayrei, Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x, 1868, p. 18 ; id. Cat.

p. .30; Boulenq. Cat. Chel. S^-c. p. 251.
Trionyx jeudi. Gray, P. Z. S. 18(i9, p. 217, figs.
Trionyx cariniferus (non Gray), Theob. P. A. S. B. 1874, p. 80, pi. iv.

Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed, with sliglitly
concave posterior border, and in contact on the median line ; a
single neural between the first pair of costals ; plates rather
coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Epiplastra in contact in front of
the entoplastron, which forms an obtuse or right angle ; plastral
callosities hardly developed, the hyoplastra bearing a mere trace of
sculpture. Head moderate; skull as in 2^. /ormosits, but snout a
little longer in the adult. Head of adult spotted or vermiculated
with black above and uniform whitish inferiorly, as in T. formosus.

Length of dorsal disk 20 inches.

Hab. Pegu, Arrakan range, Tenasserim and Sumatra.

PELOCHELYS. 15

10. Trionyx cartilagineus.

Testudo cartilaginea, Boddaert, Episfola ad W. Hoed, 1770.
Trionyx ornatus, Gnf>/, P. Z. S. 18G1, p. 41, pi. v ; Giinfk. Rept. B. I.

p. 48, pi. vi, iig. B.
Trionyx stellatus, var. javanicus (Geoffr.), Theob. P. A. S. B. 1874,

p. 79, pi. iii ; id. Cat. p. 30.
Trionyx epbippium, Theoh. P. A. S. B. 1875, p. 177, pi. v.
Trionyx cartilagineus, Boideng. Cat. Chel. 8)-c. p. 253.

Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and forming a
median suture behind the last neural ; a single neural between the
first pair of costals ; dorsal plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate.
Dorsal skin of young with longitudinal ridges of small tubercles.
Epiplastra in contact, or narrowly separated, in front of the
eutoplastron, ^\•hich forms an. obtuse or a right angle ; plastral
callosities well developed in the adult, hyo-hypoplastral and
xiphiplastral, and coarsely sculptured like the carapace. Head
moderate; snout (on the skull) considerably longer than the
diameter of the orbit ; iuterorbital region, in the adult, as broad as
the nasal fossa, or a little narrower ; postorbital arch very narrow,
oue third or one fourth the diameter of the orbit ; mandible with
a strong ridge along the symphysis, the diameter of ^liich equals
or exceeds the diameter of the orbit. Olive-brown above and ou
the chin ; head and chin with numerous yellow spots, the largest
of which are below the temple; dorsal disk of young light-dotted,
and usually with a i^aw large blackish spots ; lower parts white.

Size of T. hurum.

Hah. Pegu, Tenasserim, Siani, Camboja, Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

Genus PELOCHELYS,
Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 89.

Outer extremities of the nuchal plate overlying the second
dorsal rib ; neural plates well developed. Limbs completely
exposed. Hyoplastron distinct from hypoplastron ; not more
than five plastral callosities. Bony choanie between the orbits ;
jaws weak ; postorbital arch as broad as the diameter of the orbit ;
posterior border of pterygoids free, without ascending process.

A single species.

11. Pelochelys cantoris.

Chitra indica, part., Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 49 ; Gunth. Kept. B. I. p. 50,

pi. vi. tig. C.
Gvuiuopus indicus. Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 18J7, p. 016.
Pelochelys cantorii, Grat/, P. Z. S. 1864,' p. 90, fig.s. ; Thcub. Cat.

p. 28 ; Bouleny. Cat. Chel. ^-c. p. 20S.

Costal plates eight pairs, the last well deAeloped and forming a
median sutui'e ; a single neural between the first pair of costals ;
plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Dorsal skin of young

16 TRIONYCHID^.

tuberculate. Epiplastra small and widely separated ; entoplastron
forming a right or an acute angle ; plastral callosities largely
developed. Head moderate ; snout very short and broad ; pro-
boscis very short ; interorbiral space broader than the greatest
diameter o£ the orbit ; mandible narrowest at the symphysis.
Olive above, uniform or spotted with darker ; lips and throat of
young olive, speckled with whitish ; plastron whitish.

Lengtli of dorsal disk 2 feet.

Hah. Ganges, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines.

Genus CHITRA,
Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 49, 1844.

Outer extremities of the nuchal plate overlying the second
dorsal rib ; neural plates well developed. Limbs completely
exposed. Hyoplastron distinct from hypoplastron ; not more
thaa five plastral callosities. Bony choanae behind the orbits,
which are situated quite at the anterior extremity of the skull ;
jaws weak ; postorbital arch at least twice as broad as the diameter
of the orbit ; posterior border of pterygoids free, without ascending
process.

A single species.

12. CMtra indica.

Trionyx iiidicus, Gray, Syn. Bept. p. 47.

Trionyx asgyptiamis, var. iodicus, Gray, III. huh Zool. i, pi. Ixxx.
Ch'itra iudica, part., Gilnth. Ilept. B. I. p. oO.

Chitra indica, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G4, p. (Jl, figs. ; Theoh. Cat. p. 27 ;
Bouleng. Cat. Chel. Sfc, p. 264.

Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and forming a
median suture ; a single neural between the first pair of costals ;
plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Epiplastra \^idely sepa-
rated ; entoplastron forming an acute augle ; plastral callosities
largely developed. Head small, with extremely short snout ;
iuterorbital space considerably narrower than the greatest diameter
of the orbit. Olive or green above, whitish inferiorly ; dorsal disVi
of young with dark verraiculations ; head and neck with dark
longitudinal lines.

Length of dorsal disk 2 feet.

Hah. Ganges and Irrawaddy ; Indus ?

Genus EMYDA,
Gray, 8yii. Kept. p. 49, 1831.

Nuchal notclied at each outer end, which underlies the first
costal plate ; carapace large, with a series of bony plates in the
posterior cutaneous border and a praeuuchal marginal bony plate ;
neural plates well developed, seven or eight iu number, forming a

EMTDA. 17

continuous series ; eighth pair of costals hirge in the adult, and,
like the penultimate, forming a median suture. Plastron with a
cutaneous femoral valve, under which the hind limb may be con-
cealed ; hyoplastron coossified with hypoplastron ; seven plastral
callosities (in the adult). Bony choanae between the orbits ; jaws
strong ; postorbital arch moderate, much narrower than the dia-
meter of the orbit ; posterior border of pterygoids with a median
ascending process forming a suture with the opisthotic.

Three species are distinguished, all being Indian or Burmese.

Synopsis of the Species.

Head with yellow spots ; eutoplastral callosity small. E. (jranosa, p. 17
Head without 5^ellow spots ; tirst marginal plate much

larger than second E. vittata, p. 17.

Head without yellow spots ; first marginal plate not

larger than second E, scutata, p. 18.

13. Emyda granosa.

Testudo granosa, Schocpff', Test. p. 127, pi. xxx, a & B.

Trionyx granosa and T. punctata, Grai/, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pis. ixiii,

ixiv.
Emyda granosa, Gilnth. Rcpt. B. I. p. 45 ; Theob. Cat. j). 32 ;

Boulewj. Cat. Chel. ^c. p. 269.
Emyda dura, Atiders. Journ. Linn, Soc. xii, 1876, p. 514.

Carapace and plastral callosities finely and uniformly granulate ;
two neural plates between the first pair of costals ; anterior marginal
very large, much larger than the others; seven plastral callosities,
of which the eutoplastral is much the smallest ; the extent of these
callosities varies considerably, not only with age, but according
to individuals. Head modei'ate ; snout short. Skin of dorsal disk,
in the young, longitudinally plaited. Olive-brown above, with
round yellow spots on the head and back, which become less distinct
in adult specimens ; plastron and margin of carapace yellowish
white.

Length of dorsal disk 10 inches.

!iab. Indus and Ganges plains, in rivers, canals, &c.

14. Emyda vittata.

Emyda punctata {non Gray), Kelaart, Prodr. p. 179.

Emyda vittata, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1854, p. 216 ; Gilntk. Rept.

B. I. p. 46 ; Theob. Cat. p. 32 ; Bouleny. Cat. Chel. ^-c. p. 209.
Emvda ceylonensis, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 64, pi. xxix a ; Giinth.

Rept. B. I. p. 45.

Under this name may be provisionally grouped such specimens
as agree with E. (jranosa except in the uuit'orm brown colour of
the upper parts (with or without darker bauds on the head and
neck), and usually in the larger entoplastral and xiphi plastral
callosities. The constancy of these characters aud the correlation

c

18 TESTUDTTflD^.

between them, however, still require to be tested upon a larger
number ot" specimens.

Hah. Ceylon ; Southern India ; Grodiivari, Mahanadi, and their
tributaries.

15. Emyda scutata.

Emycla scutata, Pdcrs, 3IB. Ak. Bcrl. 18G8, p. 440 ; Theoh. Cat.

p. 32 ; Boulcmj. Cat. Chel. S,-c. p. 270.
Emyda fuscomaculata, Gray, A. M.N. H. (4) xi, 1873, p. 308.

V^ery closely allied to E. gjxmosa and E. vittata, but anterior
marginals less enlarged, less unequal in size, the first not larger
than the second. Entoplastral callosity large or moderate. Brown
above, carapace spotted or reticulated with darker.

Ilab. Irrawaddy.

Superfam. B. CRYPTODIRA.

Neck bending by a sigmoid curve in a vertical plane ; cervical
vertebme without transverse processes or with mere indications of
them ; centrum of the last cervical articulating with the centrum
of the first dorsal. Mandible with articulary concavities ; outer
border of tympanic cavity incompletely bony ; pterygoids narrow
in the middle, in contact on the median line. Pelvis not anchy-
losed to the carapace and plastron. Digits with not more than
three phalanges. Epiplastra in contact with hyoplastra ; ento-
plastron, if present, oval, rhomboidal, or T-shaped. A complete
series of marginal bones, connected with the ribs.

Family II. TESTUDINID^.

Shell covered with epidermal shields. Caudal vertebra) pro-
coelous. Neck completely reti'actile within the shell. Parietal
bones widely separated from squamosals. Digits short or mo-
derately elongate ; phalanges with condyles ; claws four or five.

This family, which contains the bulk of recent Chelouians, is
distributed over every part of the world except Australia. Ten
genera are represented in the Indian Eegion.

Synopsis of Indian Genera.

A. Limbs club-shaped ; alveolar surface of upper jaw

with a median ridge Testudo, p. 19.

B. Digits distinct, with at least a rudiment of

web ; alveolar surface of upper jaw without
median ridge.
a. Head covered with undivided skin.
a'. Plastron not hinged ; no bony temporal arch. Geoemyba, p. 23.
b'. Plastron not hinged ; a bony temporal arch. Nicoma, p. 26.
c'. Plastron hinged, movable ; a bony temporal

avch Cyclemys, p. 28.

TESTUDO. 19

b. Hiuder part of head covered with small
shields.

a'. Choana3 between the eyes Bellia, p. 32.

v. Choanaj behind the level of the eyes Damonia, p. 34.

C. Digits distinct, extensively or entirely webbed ;

alveolar surface of upper jaw with one or two

median ridges.

a. Fourth vertebral shield not longer than third,

embracing three neural bones.

a' . Axillary and inguinal buttresses of plastron

short ; choanfe behind the level of the

eyes Mobenia, p. 35.

y . Axillary and inguinal buttresses much de-
veloped, the former connected with the
first rib or nearly reaching it.
rt". Choanse behind the level of the eyes ; al-
veolar surface of upper jaw with a single

median ridge IIaedella, p. 30.

h" . Choanjc behind the level of the eyes ;
alveolar surface of upper jaw with two
median ridges ; fore limb with four

claws only Bataguk, p. 37.

h. Fourth vertebral shield elongate, embracing

four or five neural bones Kachuga, p. 38.

Genus TESTUDO,
Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 350 (part.), 17G0.

Neural plates usually alternately tetragonal and octagonal ; costal
plates alternately narrower and wider. Suture between the mar-
ginal and costal bones and shields usually corresponding ; supra-
caudal shield usually single. Plastron extensively united to the
carapace by suture, with short axillary and inguinal buttresses,
which do not reach, or just reach, the costal plates ; ento])lastron
usually anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with weak
or moderately wide postorbital and temporal arches ; alveolar surface
of upper jaw with one or two median ridges ; choanse between the
eyes. Head shielded above. Limbs club-shaped, covered with
large scales or tubercles. Tail short.

This genus, of which some 40 species are known, is represented
in every part of the world except Australia. Habits terrestrial and
herbivorous.

Si/}i02^sis of Indian Species.

A . Supracaudal shield single.

a. Nuchal shield present ; forehead with large
shields.
a'. Anal shields forming a very short suture,

or entirely separated by the anal notch . . T. elont/ata, p. 20.
b'. Suture between tlie anals at least as long as

that between the abdominals 7". leithii, p. 20.

C2

20 TESTUDINID.5:.

b. No uuchal; forehead with small irregular
shields.
a'. Heel and hinder side of thighs with spur-
like tubercles ; plastron with dark radia-
ting lines T. eleyans, p. '2\ .

b' . Heel and hinder side of thighs without
spnr-like tubercles ; plastron without ra-
diating lines T. plutynota, p. 22.

B. Supracaudal shields two T. emys, p. 22.

16. Testudo elongata.

Testudo elongata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 639 ; Giintli. Rept.
B. 7. p. 8 ; Theob. Cat. p. 3 ; Boulemj. Cat. Chel. Sfc. p. 173.

Shell considerably depressed, more thau. twice as long as deep,
with flat vertebral region ; anterior and posterior margins slightly
reverted, strongly serrated in young, feebly in old specimens ; shields
concentrically striated, except in old specimens ; nuchal present
(rarely absent), narrow and elongate ; supracaudal undivided, more
or less incurved ; first vei'tebral usually nearly as long as broad in
the adult, the others broader than long and nearly as broad as the
costals. Plastron large, truncate anteriorly, deeply notched poste-
riorly; suture between the pectoral shields as long as or longer than
that between the humerals ; suture between the gulars as long as or
a little shorter than that between the pectorals ; anals forming a very
short suture, or entirely separated by the anal notch ; axillary and
inguinal moderate. Head moderate; a pair of large prsefrontal
shields, usually followed by a nearly equally large frontal ; beak
feebly hooked, tricuspid ; alveolar ridge of upper jaw short and
rather feeble. Anterior face of fore limbs with moderate, unequal-
sized, imbricate scales, which are largest towards the outer side ; no
enlarged tubercles on the thighs ; tail ending in a claw-like horny
tubercle. Carapace and plastron greenish yellow, each shield with
an irregular black spot or blotch, which may occupy its greater
portion, or may be much broken up or indistinct.
Length of shell KH inches.

Hah. Bengal (Chaibassa), Assam, the whole of Burma, Camboja,
Cochin China.

17. Testudo leithii.

Testudo leithii, Gintth. P. Z. S. 1801), p. 502, figs. ; Theoh. Cat.
p. 3; Boulen(j. Cat. Chel. ^-c. p. 175.

Shell very convex, not twice as long as deep, deeply notched
anteriorly ; nuchal shield triangular ; posterior border of supra-
caudal forming an angle, projecting beyond the marginals ; second
vertebral shield longest ; shields concentrically striated. Plastron
large, hind lobe notched behind and movable in the adult ; suture
between the pectoral shields a little shorter than that between the
humerals ; suture bet\\een the anals longer than that between the

TESTUDO.

21

femorals ; axillary and int!;ninal moderate. Head moderate ; a
pair of large praet'rontal shields, follo\Aed by a very large frontal ;
beak scarcely hooked ; alveolar ridge of upper ja\\' short and feeble.
Anterior face of fore limb covered with a few extremely large im-
bricate bony scutes disposed in three longitudinal and five trans-
verse series. Carapace yello\\-, each shield bordered anteriorly and
laterally with blackish brown ; plastron yellow, each abdominal
shield with a dark brown triangular or cuneiform marking.

Length of shell 5 inches.

Hah. Lower Egypt and the neighbouring part of Syria. The
single specimen upon which the species was founded was said to
be from Sind, where, however, this tortoise does not appear to have
been rediscovered during the last twenty years.

18. Testudo elegans.

Testudo elegans, Schoepf, Test. p. Ill, pi. xxv ; Gi'mth. Kept. B. I.

p. 4 ; Theoh. Cat. p. 2 ; Bouknq. Cat. Chel. ^r. p. 1(31.
Testudo meo-alnpns, Bliith, J. A. 'S. B. xxii, 1853, p. G40.

Fig. G. — Testudo elegans.

Carapace very convex, dorsal shields often forming humps; lateral
margins nearly vertical ; posterior margin somewhat expanded and
strongly serrated; no nuchal ; supracaudal undivided, incurved in the
male ; shields strongly striated concentrically ; first vertebral longer
than broad, the others broader than long, third at least as broad
as the corresponding costal. Plastron large, truncated or openly
notched in front, deeply notched, bifid behind ; suture between the
humerals much longer than that between the femorals ; suture be-
tween the pectorals very short : axillary and inguinal rather small.
Head moderate ; forehead swollen, convex, and covered with
rather small and irregular shields ; beak feebly hooked, bi- or

22 testudinidjE.

tricuspid ; edge of jaws denticulated ; alveolar ridge of upper
jaw strong. Outer-anterior face of fore limb with numerous un-
equal-sized, large, imbricate, bony, pointed tubercles ; heel v/ith large,
more or less spur-like tubercles ; a group of large conical or sub-
conical tubercles on the hinder side of the thigh. Carapace black,
with yellow areolae from which yellow streaks radiate ; these streaks
usually narrow and very numerous : plastron likewise with black
and yellow radiating streaks.

Length of shell .10 inches.

Hah. India (except Lower Bengal), extending west to Sind ;
and Ceylon.

19. Testudo platynota.

Testudo platynota, Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xxxii, 1863, p. 83 ; Theoh. Cat.
p. 2 ; Bouleng. Cat. Chel. Sfc. p. 162.

Very closely allied to the preceding, but carapace more regularly
oval ; posterior border not or but very slightly expanded, and more
feebly serrated ; vertebral shields flat, bellow rays on the dorsal
shields wider and fe\\ ;er, usually three to the right and three to the
left of each shield ; plastron yellow, wdth some large black blotches
but without radiating streaks. According to Anderson, the scales
on the fore limb are fewer and all rounded, the sharp scales on the
heel are absent, and the conical scales on the posterior portion of
the thigh are very much smaller and not at all prominent.

Hah. Upper Burma and Northern Pegu.

20. Testudo emys.

Testudo emys, Schler/. (§• Midi, in Tcmminck, Vev. Nat. Nedcrl. Ind.,

Rept. p. 34, pi. iv ; Boulemj. Cat. Chel. Sfc. p. 158.
Geoemyda spinosa, part., Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 607.
Mauouria fusca, Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 134.
Testudo phayrei, Bli/th, J. A. 8. B. xxii, 1853, p. 639.
Manouria emys, Gilnth. Rept. B. 1. p. 10 ; Theoh. Cat. p. 4.
Testudo (Scapia) falconeri, Grcty, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 169, figs.

Shell considerably depressed, its depth not half its length ; ante-
rior and posterior margins reverted, more or less strongly serrated ;
nuchal present ; supracaudal shields two ; dorsal shields concentri-
cally striated, often conca\e ; vertebrals much broader than long
and at least as broad as costals. Plastron large, gular region some-
what produced and usually notched, hind lobe deeply notched ; the
pectoral shields may be ^\'idely separated from each other, or from a
short median suture ; axillary shield very small, inguinal large.
Head moderate ; two large praefrontal shields and a large froutal ;
beak not hooked ; ja\As feebly denticulated, the alveolar surface of
the upper jaw with a strong median ridge. Fore limb antei'iorly
with very large, bony, pointed, imbricate tubercles, forming four or
five longitudinal series ; hind limb with very large bony tubercles
on the plantar surface, with others larger, conical, and spui'-like on

GEOBMYDA.

23

the heel, and a group of still larger conical tubercles on each side on
the back of the thighs. Adult dark brown or blackish ; carapace
of young yellowish brown, with dark-brown markings.

Length of shell 18 inches.

Hah. Assam, Burma, Slam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.

Genus GEOEMYDA,

Gray, P.Z. S. 1834, p. 100 (part.).

Neural plates mostly hexagonal, hinder lateral margins shortest.
Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with axillary

Fig. 7. — Skull of Geoemyda grandis.

and inguinal peduncles just reaching the first and fifth costals ;
entoplastron intersected by the humero-pectoral suture. Skull

24

TESTFDINIDiE.

without bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces nari'ow, without
median ridge. Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin.
Digits with a short web. Tail very short, not longer in the young
than in the adult.

Distribution. Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Three species are known. Habits terrestrial or semiaquatic.

Fig. 8. — Shell of Geoemyda grandis.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Anterior margin of shell serrated ; second verte-

bral shield at least as broad as the second

costal, much broader than long- G. sjmiosa, p. 25.

B. Anterior margin of shell not serrated ; second

vertebral shield narrower than the second
costal, not much broader than long.

a. Carapace arched or tectiform in a transverse

section G. f/rfnidis, p. 25.

b. Carapace much depressed, flat on the vertebral

region G. depressa, p. 25.

ftEOElNITBA. 25

21. Geoemyda spinosa.

Emys spinosa, Gray, St/ii. Rcpt. p. 20 ; id. III. Iiuh Zool. i, pi. Ixxvii,

figs. 1, 2.
Geoeiuyda spinosa, Gray, P. Z.S. 1834, p. 100 ; id. II!. Ind. Zool. ii,

pi. Ivii, fig. 2 ; Gihith. liept. B. 1. p. 18 ; Theoh. Cat. p. 5 ; Boidcng.

Cat. CM. ^c. p. 137.

Carapace of adult mucli depressed, with broad flat vertebral
region and an uninterrupted obtuse keel ; antei'ior and posterior
margins serrated ; carapace of young more regularly arched, with a
short keel or spinose tubercle on each costal shield, and the border
strongly serrated all round, each marginal being produced in a spine,
with or without smaller denticulation on each side ; the vertebral
keel stronger than in the adult. Vertebral shields (2-4) mucli
broader than long, at least as broad as the costals ; nuchal shield
longer than broad. Plastron large ; the width of the bridge about
equals the length of the posterior lobe, which is angularly emar-
ginate ; as regards size, the plastral shields take the following order
commencing with the largest : — abdominals, pectorals, femorals,
humerals, auals, gulars ; the suture between the abdominals not or
but slightly longer than that between the pectorals ; axillary and
inguinal shields present. Upper jaw bicuspid. Carapace brown
above, reddish in the young, the vertebral keel lighter ; each plas-
tral shield with yellow and dark-brown radiating streaks ; soft
parts dark brown, with a yellowish spot on eacli side of the neck,
near the ear.

Length of carapace 8 inches.

Hah. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

22. Geoemyda grandis.

Geoemyda grandis, Graxj, A. M. N. H. (3) vi. 1860, p. 218; Giinth.
Repi. B. I. p. 10, pis. i & ii, figs, a k b ; Theuh. Cat. p. 5 ;
Bouleny, Cat. Clicl. ^-c. p. 138.

Carapace arched or tectiform, not flattened on the vertebral
region, which bears a strong but obtuse keel ; only tlie posterior
margin serrated. Vertebral shields (1-3) not or but slightly
broader than long and narrower than the costals ; nuchal longer
than broad. Plastron similar to that of G. spinosa ; the length of
the suture between the pectoral shields at least two thirds that of
the abdominals. Dark brown or blackish above ; plastron and
lower surface of marginals with black and yellow rays, either the
black or the yellow predominating.

Length of carapace 16 inches.

Hah. Pegu, Tenasserim, Siam.

23. Geoemyda depressa.

Geoemyda depressa, Anders. A. M. N. H. (4) xvi, 1875, p. 284 ; id.

An. Zool. lies. Yunnan, p. 721, pis. iv, hi, & Ixxv B, figs. 1-5;

Boideng. Cat. Che/. S^-c. p. 139.
Geoemyda arakana, Theoh. Cat. p. vii.

26

TESTUDINIDjE.

Shell much depressed, the depression increasing from before
backwards, the shell being somewhat expanded across the inguinal
region ; only the posterior border serrated ; second vertebral about
as long as broad, narrower than the costals ; nuchal longer than
broad. Plastral shields as in G. sjwiosa and G. gnindis. Carapace
light brown ; plastron and lower surface of marginals yellow, the
plastral shields with a few broad black rays ; the interval between
the axillary and inguinal notches black. Head leaden, ueck pale
yellowish brown ; limbs of the latter colour, with the large scales
dark, almost black.

Length of carapace 9| inches.

Hab. Hills near Akyab, Arrakan.

Genus NICORIA,
Gray, Cat. Sh. Eept. i, p. 17 (1855).

Neural plates mostly hexagonal, with the hinder lateral margins

Fig. 9. — Shell oi Nicoria tr/Juga.

shortest, or alternately tetragonal and octagonal. Plastron more or
less extensively united to the carapace by suture, with short axillary

NICORIA. 27

buttress, just reaching the first costal plate ; entoplastron intersected
by the humero-pectoral suture. !Skull \\ith a bony temporal
arch ; alveolar surfaces without median ridge ; choanal between
the eyes. Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin.
Digits with a short web or nearly free. Tail short, not longer
in the young than in the adult.

Distribution. Oriental Region, Central and South America.

Two species occur within the limits of the present fauna. Habits
terrestrial or semiaquatic.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

Digits webbed ; plastron brown or black .... N. trijiiga, p. 27.
Digits nearly free ; plastron yellow N. tricarinata, p. 28.

24. Nicoria trijuga.

Emys trijuga, ScMoeigg. Prodr. p. 41 (370) ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 29.
Melanochelys trijuga, Gmij, P. Z. S. 1809, p. 187 ; Thtob. Cat. p. 12.
Emys trijuga, var. ruaderaspatana, Anders. An. Zool. Pes. Ytinnan,

p. 729.
Nicoria trijuga, Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. ^"c. p. 121.

Carapace moderately depressed, tricarinate. Vertebral shields in
adult as long as broad or longer than broad, and much narrower
than the costals ; nuchal moderate or small, sometimes absent.
Plastron large ; the width of the bridge equals or a little exceeds
the length of the posterior lobe, which is broadly notched ; front
lobe truncated. Axillary and inguinal shields present. Upper jaw
not hooked, notched mesially ; the width of the mandible at the
symphysis is less than the diameter of the orbit. Digits distinctly
webbed. Tail shorter than the head. Shell brown, with a yellow
stripe on each side of the plastron ; keels sometimes yellowish.
Head brown, in the young reticulated with yellowish (in spirit),
and with a yellowish line from the eye to above the tympanum.

Length of shell 9 inches.

Hah. Peninsula of India and Punjab.

Var. thermalis.

En)ys tliermalis, Lesson, Cent. Zool. p. 86, pi. xxix.

Geoclemmys seba. Gray, Cat. Sh. Pepf. i, p. 18.

Emys tvij uga, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 177 ; Giinth. Rcpt. B. I. pi. ii, fig. C.

Melanochelys sebfe, Thah. Cat. p. 12.

Emys seboe, Anders. An. Zool. Res. p. 729.

Shell dark brown in the young, \\ith a broad yellow border to
the plastron ; keels often yellowish ; shell of adult deep black, with
a narrow yellow border to the plastron. Soft parts blackish ; head
of young and halfgrown with irregular bright-orange spots, which
disappear in the adult.

Length of sliell 9 inches.

Hab. Ceylon.

28 TESTUDINID^.

Var. edeniana.

Melauocheljs edeuiana, Theob. Cat. p. 12.

Emys trijuga, vai". biirmaua, Anders. An. Zool. Res. p. 729, pis. Ivii
& Iviii.

A larger race, with the shell deep black, the plastral border,
and sometimes also the keels, yellowish. Light markings on the
head, if present, small.

Length of shell 16 inches.

Hah. Burma.

25. Nicoria tricarinata.

Geoemyda tricarinata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, 1855, p. 714.

Chaibassia tricarinata, Theob. Cat. p. 6.

Chaibassia tricarinata and tlieobaldi, Anders. An, Zool. Res. Yimnarif

pp. 717, 718 ; Botdeng. Cat. Chel S)'c. pp. 139, 140.
Nicoria tricarinata, Lydehher, J. A. 8. B. Iviii, 1889, p. 327, fig.

Allied to the preceding species, but of more terrestrial habits,
as indicated by the more convex carapace, abruptly descending pos-
teriorly, and the very indistinct web between the digits. Scales
on the limbs larger. The hypoplastrou is frequently attached to
the carapace by ligament ; no inguinal shield. Carapace dark
brown or black, with the three keels yellow ; plastron uniform
yellow ; head black, with a broad yellow or reddish band on each
side passing over the eye and the tympanum; a narrow similar band
below the angle of the mouth, along the inferior margin of the lower
jaw ; neck and limbs blackish.

Length of shell 5 inches.

Hah. Bejigal (Chaibassa) and Assam (Bisthnath Plain).

I have recently had an opportunity of examining specimens of
C. tricarinata and theobaldi, and regard them as belonging to one
species, which cannot be generically separated from N. trijixja.

Genus CYCLEMYS,
Bell, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 17.

Neural plates mostly hexagonal, posterior lateral margins shortest.
Plastron united to carapace by ligament, and more or less distinctly
divided into t\\'o lobes moving upon a ligamentous hinge between
the hyo- and the hypoplastra; both the latter bones contributing
to the formation of the bridge ; entoplastrou intersected by the
humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ;
alveolar surfaces witliout median indge ; choanae between the eyes.
Upper surface of head covered with undivided sldn. Digits nebbed
or nearly free. Tail short, not longer in the youiig than in the
adult.

Distrihntion. The greater part of the Oriental Eegion, east of the
Bay of Bengal. Terrestrial or semiaquatic.

CTCLEMTS.

29

Tlie ligamentous transverse hinge, dividing the plastron into
an anterior and a posterior moiety, may be indistinct, and is nearly
ah\ays so in quite young specimens. These may, ho^^•ever, be
readily distinguished from young of the preceding genus by the
hooked upper jaw.

Fig. 10. — Shell of Cyclemys amboinensis.

Synojysis of Burmese Sjjecies.

A. Plasti'ou emargiuate posteriorly ; posterior

margin of carapace serrated.
a. Suture between pectoral shield and mar-
ginals longer than that between abdomi-
nal and marginals C. phdynota, p. 30.

h. Suture between pectoral and marginals
shorter than that between abdominal and
marginals.

a'. Carapace unicarinate C. dhor, p. 30.

h'. Carapace tricarinate ^ C. mouhoti^ p. 31.

B. Plastron not notched posteriorly ; carapace

tricarinate in the young ; posterior margin

not serrated C. amboinensis^ p. 31.

30 TESTUDIKIDJE.

26. Cyclemysplatynota.

Emys platynota, Gray, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 54 ; id. III. Ind. Zool. ii,

pi. Ivii, fig'. 1.
Cycleuiys platyuota, Gray, Cat. Sh. Reiit. i, p. 43; Boulenf/, Cat,

CM. <§-^. p. 130.
Notochelys platynota, Giintk. Rept. B. I. p. 17; Theoh. Cat. p. 10.

Carapace depressed, angular, the vertebral region flat, with an
interrupted obtuse keel ; posterior margin serrated ; six, rarely seven,
vertebral shields, the small additional shield intercalated between
the fourth and fifth ; vertebrals (except the first) much broader
than long, at least as broad as the costals. Plastron narrower than the
opening of the shell, hind lobe openly emarginate, connected with
the carapace by a distinct bridge, the width of which is contained
twice and a half to twice and two thirds in the length of the plas-
tron ; the hyo- and hypoplastral bones contribute to an equal
degree to the formation of tlie bridge ; no distinct transverse hinge ;
a large inguinal shield ; the suture between the pectoral shield and
the marginals longer than that bet\\'een the abdominal and the
marginals ; the median suture between the pectoral shields as long
as or a little longer than that between the abdominals. Hook of
the upper jaw bicuspid, divided by a median groove. Digits exten-
sively webljed ; claws long, curved, sharp. Front part of arm with
broad, baud-lilie transverse shields. Carapace reddish brown, or
yellowish brown with radiating brown lines ; young with a pair of
round black spots on each vertebral shield, and one or two similar
spots on each costal ; plastron yellow with brown spots, or brown
with the sutures between the shields yellow. Head yellowish
brown ; neck broAvn, with irregular yellowish streaks, the broadest
of which extends from the posterior corner of the eye.

Length of shell 9| inches.

Hah. Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

27. Cyclemys dhor.

Emys dhor, part.. Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 20.

Emys dentata. Gray, 111. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Iviii, fig. 2.

Cyclemys oldhaniii. Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 178 ; Gilnth. Rept. B. I.

p. 1-5, pi. V, fig. B.
Cyclemys dentata, Theoh. Cat. p. 8.
Cyclemys dhor, Bonleny. Cat. Chel. 8fc. p. 131.

Carapace depressed, with a single, obtuse keel ; posterior margin
serrated ; vertebral shields as broad as long or broader than long,
narrower than the costals. Plastron nai-rower than the opening of
the shell, hind lobe angularly notched, connected with the carapace
by a distinct bridge, the width of which is contained twice and
three fourths to three times in the length of the plastron ; the hyo-
and hypoplastral bones contribute in a nearly equal degree to the
formation of the bridge ; the transverse hinge between the hyo-
and hypoplastrals, which does not correspond with the curved
suture between the pectoral and abdominal shields, is only deve-

CTCLEISITS.

31

loped in adult specimens ; a small inguinal shield may be present ;
the suture between the pectoral shield and the marginals shorter
than that between the abdominal and the marginals ; the longest
median suture is that between the pectorals. Hook of upper jaw
bicuspid. Digits distinctly webbed, with sharp claws. Front part
of arm with broad transverse scales. Carapace brown, or yellowish
brown spotted with dark brown ; plastron yellowish or pale
bi'own in the young, with dark brown spots or radiating lines : in
the adult, dark brown. Neck with dark and light longitudinal
lines.

Length of shell 7| inches.

Hah. Malay Archipelago and Peninsula, Camboja, 8iam, Burma
(Pegu, Teuasserim).

28. Cyclemys mouhoti.

Cyclemys mouhoti i, Gray, A, M. N. 11. (3) x, 1802, p. l-W ;

Boideng. Cat. C'heL ^-c. p. 132.
Pyxidea mouhotii, Giiuth. Itept. B. I, p. 16, pi. iv, fig. D ; Theoh.

Cat. p. 9.

Carapace depressed, angular, the vertebi-al region flat, with three
strong parallel keels ; posterior margin serrated ; vertebral shields
much broader than long and as broad as the costaLs ; first vertebral
as long as broad or broader than long, narrower than second.
Plastron a little narrower thau the opening of the shell, hind lobe
angulai'ly emarginate ; bridge broad and very short, its width
about one third the length of the plastron ; the hypoplastral bone
and the abdominal sliield have a much greater share in the forma-
tion of the bridge than the hyoplastral and pectoral ; the longest
median suture is that between the abdominals. Hook of the upper
jaw strong, entire. Digits nearly free ; limbs covered with large
scales. Carapace yellowish or reddish brown ; plastron yellowish,
with or w ithout a few large dark-brown spots ; neck of young
bro^Ti, spotted with yellow.

Length of shell Gg inches.

Ilah. Cachar, Siam, Cochin China.

29. Cyclemys amboinensis.

Testudo amboinensis, Daud. Rept. ii, p. 309.

Cistudo amboinensis. Gray, III. Lid. Zool. \, pi. Ixxvii, figs. 3, 4.

Cuora amboinensis, Gray, Cat. 8h. Rept. i, p. 41 ; Giinth. liept. B. I.

p. 12, pi. iv, figs. A, B ; rheob. Cat. p. 7.
Cyclemj's amboinensis, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. S,-c. p. 133.

Carapace depressed and tricarinate in the young, usually very
convex and without or \^'ith a single keel in adult females ; verte-
bral shields as long as broad or a little longer than broad in the
adult, broader in the young, much narrower than the costals.
Plastron as large as the opening of the shell in the adult, without
distinct bridge ; no anal notch ; the line of junction between the

32 TESTUDINID^.

hyoplastrou and the carapace sliorter than tliat between the hypo-
plastron and the carapace ; pectoral shields as long as the abdo-
minals or shorter, as long as the humerals or slightly longer ;
axillary and inguinal small or absent. Head rather small ; upper
jaw scarcely hooked, without auy emarginatiou. Front part of
arm with large transverse scales. Digits moderately webbed, with
sharp claws. Carapace brown or blackish ; plastron yellow with
large black spots, or dark brown with the suture between the
shields yellow ; in the very young the black spots of the plastron
are confluent into a broad longitudinal zone, the borders of the
plastron being yellowish ; head and neck brown above, yellow
beneath ; a yellow band borders the head and neck superiorly,
meeting its fellow above the nostrils ; a second yellow band passes
through the eye and is separated from the upper jaw by a dark-
brown baud ; ear yellow.

Length of shell 8 inches.

Hah. Pegu, Teuasserim, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago,
eastward to the Moluccas.

Genus BELLIA,
Gray,P.Z. S. 1869, p. 197.

Neural plates hexagonal, anterior lateral margins shortest.
Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with long
axillary and inguinal buttresses, the latter anchylosed bet\\'een
the fifth and sixth costal plates ; entoplastron intersected by the
humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar
surfaces witliout median ridge ; choaUcTe between the eyes. Skin
of hinder part of head divided into small shields. Digits webbed.
Tail very short, not longer in the young than in the adult.

Distribution. Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
Semiaquatic.

30. Bellia crassicoUis.

Emys crassicollis, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 21 ; id. III. hid. Zoo!, i, pi. Ixxvi,

fig. 2 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 609 ; GiJmth. Rept. B. I.

p. 28, pi. iv, fig. E.
Emys nigra, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, 1855. p. 713, and xxxii, 1863,

p. 81.
Bellia crassicollis. Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 197; Bouleng. Cat, Chel.

cS'c. p. 98.
Bellia crassilabris, Theoh. Cat. p. 10.

Carapace moderately depressed, tricarinate in the young, the
keels, especially the laterals, becoming indistinct in old specimens;
vertebral region flattened in the adult male ; posterior border
serrated ; nuchal small, broadest behind ; posterior side of first
vertebral not half the length of the shield in the adult ; vertebrals
2 to 4, as long as broad or a little broader than long, much nar-
rower than the costals, narrowly in contact ^ith each other in old

BELLIA.

33

specimens ; iu the latter, the autero-lateral sides are convex, the
postero-lateral longer and concave. Plasti'on smaller than the
opening of the shell, truncate anteriorly, angularly notched pos-
teriorly, feebly concave in the males, strongly angulated laterally

Fig. 11. — Shell o{ Bellia crassicoUis.

in young specimens, feebly in old ones ; the width of the bridge
about equals the length of the hind lobe ; relative size of plastral
shields very variable; abdominals usually forming the longest
median suture, humerals the shortest ; axillary and inguinal shields
present. Head rather large ; snout very short, not prominent ;
upper jaw strongly curved on each side, not hooked ; the width of
the mandible at the symphysis is a little less than the diameter of
the orbit. Digits webbed to the claws ; front of forearm and outer
side of les, with larfre transverse band-like scales. Shell dark
brown or black, plastron usually with yellowish variegation, or
bands following the sutures of the shields, or a broad band along
each side. Soft parts dark brown or black ; some large yellow
spots on the head, viz. above the eye, above the ear, below the ear,

D

34 TESTITDTKID.5;.

and on each side of the mandible ; these spots become indistinct
in okl specimens.

Length of shell 7 inches.

Hah. Tenasserim, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.

Genus DAMONIA,

Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 193.

Neural plates hexagonal, anterior lateral margins shortest. Plas-
tron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with long axillary
and inguinal peduncles ; the latter anchylosed between the fifth and
sixth, exceptionally fourth and fifth, costal plates ; entoplastron
intersected by the humero-pectoral sutiu'e. 8kull with a bony
temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces very broad, without median
ridge ; choanse behind the level of the eyes. 8kin of posterior
part of head divided into small shields. Digits webbed. Tail
short or moderate.

Bistribntion. East Indies, China, Japan. Semiaquatic.

A single species is found in India.

31. Damonia hamiltonii.

Emys hamiltonii, Grai/, Syn. Eept. pp. 21, 72 ; GihitJi. liept. B. I.

p. 32.
Emys guttata (wot? Schn.), Gray, lU. Ind. Zool. i, pi. Isxvi, fig. 1.
Damonia hamiltonii. Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 195 ; Theoh. Cat. p. 11 ;

Boulmg. Cat. Chel. c^-c. p. 93.
Melanochelys pictus, Murray, A. M. N. II. (5) xiv, 1884, p. 107.

Carapace much elevated, with three interrupted keels or series
of nodose prominences corresponding to the vertebral and costal
shields ; posterior border strongly serrated in the young, feebly in
the adult ; nuchal moderate, broader posteriorly than anteriorly ;
fi.rst vertebral not or scarcely broader anteriorly than posteriorly ;
second and third vertebrals broader than long in the young,
nearly as long as hroad in the adult, narrower than the costals.
Plastron large, angulate laterally, truncate anteriorly ; posterior
lobe much narrower than the opening of the shell, nearly as
long as the width of the bridge, deeply notched posteriorly.
Head rather large ; snout very short, not projecting ; upper jaw
emarginate mesially ; the width of the mandible at the symphj^sis
nearly equals the horizontal diameter of the orbit ; a large shield,
sometimes divided into three, covers the upper surface of the snout
and the crown; one shield round the upper jaw and one on each
side between the eye and the car. Digits webbed to tlie claws.
Tail extremely short. Shell darlv hrown or blackish, elegantly
marked with yellow spots and radiating strealss. Soft parts dark
brown or blackish, with round yellow spots, largest on the head
and neck.

Length of shell 9 inches.

Hah. Bengal, Punjab, Upper Sind.

MORETflA. 35

Genus MORENIA,
Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Kept, i, p. 62, 1870.

Neural plates hexagonal, anterior lateral margins shortest. Plas-
tron extensively united to the carapace by suture, \^ith short axil-
lary and inguinal buttresses, just reaching the first and fifth costal
plates ; entoplastron anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skull
with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces A'ery broad, that of
upper jaw with a strong tuberculate median ridge ; edge of jaws
strongly toothed ; choanje behind tlie level of the eyes. Upper
surface of snout and crown covered with a single shield, behind
which the skin is corrugated. Digits extensively webbed. Tail
short.

Distribution. Northern India and Burma. Aquatic; herbivorous.

Synopsis of the Species.

Suture between abdominal shields longer than that

between pectoials M. ocel/ata, p. S,^.

Suture between abdominal shields not longer than

that between pectorals M, petersii, p. 3G.

32. Morenia ocellata.

Emvs ocellata, Dvm. i^- iJih)-. Erp. Gen. W, p. 329, pi. xv, fig. 1 ;

Gimth. Hept. B. 1. p. 22.
Emys berdmorei, Jilyth, J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 281.
Morenia berdmorei. Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh.Bept. i, p. G2 ; Theob. Cat,

p. 17.
Batagur (Morenia) ocellata, Anders. An. Zool. lies. Yunnan, p. 755,

pis. Ix & Ixi.
Morenia ocellata, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. ^-c. p. 66.

Carapace moderately depressed, with a strong, interrupted,
tubercular keel in the young, which becomes fainter in the adult ;
margin not serrated ; nuchal narrow ; first vertebral not or but
little broader anteriorly than posteriorly, lateral borders usually
sinuous ; second, third, and fourth vertebrals broader than long
or as long as broad, narrower than the costals. Plastron large,
angulate laterally, truncate anteriorly, notched posteriorly ; the
width of the bridge exceeds the length of the hind lobe ; the
longest median suture is that between the abdominals : suture
between the gulars as long as that between the humerals or
shorter ; axillary and inguinal large. Head moderate ; snout
short, obtuse ; upper jaw notched mesially, denticulated ; lower
jaw strongly serrated, flat beneath, its width at the symphysis
equalling the diameter of the orbit. Scales on limbs small ; digits
broadly webbed. Tail very short. Carapace brown, each shield
of the disk with a large central blackish ocellus encircled with
yellowish ; lower surface uniform yellow. Head olive, with yellow

d2

36 TESTUDINID^E.

markings ; a yellow strealv running above the cantbus rostralis,
supraciliary edge and temple, and another from behind the eye to
above the ear.

Length of shell : J C inches, 5 9 inches.

Hab. Burma.

33. Morenia petersii.

Emys ocellata (noti D. Sc B.), Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1858,

p. 281.
Morenia ocellata, Theob. Cat. p. 18.
Batagur (Morenia) petersi, Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 701,

pi. lix.
Morenia petersii, Bonleng. Cat. Cliel. S)-c. p. 08.

Very closely allied to the preceding. Snout much more pointed
and relatively longer. Suture between the pectorals not shorter
than that between the abdominals. Carapace black, each vertebral
with a narrow yellowish mesial line ; the last four vertebrals with
a yellowish linear horseshoe mark «itb the ends directed forwards ;
each costal with an ocellus placed rather low and formed by a
uaiTOw yellowish line, above which are some irregular looped lines
of similar colour ; the nuchal and each marginal with a vertical
narrow yellowish mesial streak ; plastron yellow. Three yellow
streaks on each side of the head, the lower extending from below
the nostril to the angle of the mouth.

Length of shell : S 5 inches, $ 8 inches.

Hah. Bengal.

Genus HARDELLA,
Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Eept. i, p. 58, 1870.

Neural plates elongate, hexagonal, anterior lateral margins
shortest. Plastron extensi\'ely united to the carapace by suture,
with extremely developed axillary and inguinal buttresses, the for-
mer connected with the first rib, the latter anchylosed between the
fifth and sixth costal plates ; entoplastron anterior to the humero-
pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces
very broad, that of upper jaw with a strong tubercular median ridge ;
edge of jaws strongly toothed ; choanfe behind the level of the
eyes. L^pper surface of snout and crown covered with a single
shield, behind which the skin is corrugated. Digits extensively
webbed. Tail short.

Distribution. Northern India. Thoroughly aquatic j herbivorous.

34. Hardella thurgi.

Emys thiirjii, Gray, Si/n. Bept. p. 22 ; id. III. Iml Zool. i, pi. Ixxiii.
Emys tbnrjrii, Gi'inih.' liept. B. L p. 24.

BATAGUE. 37

Batagur thurgii, Theoh. Cat. Rept. Mus. As. Soc. 1868, p. 12 ; id.

Cat. p. 23.
Kachuga oldliami, Gray, P. Z. S. 1809, p. 200, fig. 14.
liartU'lla tliurgi. Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. liept. \, p. 58 ; Bouleny. Cat.

Chel. Sj-c. p. 63.
Hardella iudi, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 68.

Carapace moderately depressed, with au interrupted tubercular
keel ; margin not serrated ; nuchal narrow, broadest posteriorly ;
first vertebral usually narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, lateral
borders usually slightly sinuous ; second, third, and fourth verte-
brals considerably broader than long in the young, nearly as long
as broad in the adult. Plastron large, angulate laterally, truncate
anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly ; the width of the bridge
exceeds the length of the posterior lobe ; the longest median suture
is that between the abdominals ; suture between the gulars as long
as that between the humerals or a little shorter (at least three
fourths) ; inguinal large, axillary smaller. Head moderate ; snout
short, obtuse ; upper jaw notched mesially, serrated ; lower jaw
very strongly dentated, flat inferiorly, its width at the symphysis a
little less than the diameter of the orbit. Limbs with transversely
enlarged, band-like scales. Carapace dark brown or black ; plas-
tron yellowish, with a large blackish spot occupying the greater
part of each shield, or entirely black. Soft parts dark brown ; a
yellow band across the pra;f rental region, extending on each side,
through the eye, to above the ear ; another from below each eye,
passing below the nostrils.

Length of shell 18 inches ( ? ). Males much smaller.

Ilab, Northern India (Ganges and Indus systems).

Genus BATAGUR,
Gray, Oat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 35, 1855.

Neural plates elongate, hexagonal, anterior lateral margins
shortest. Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture,
with extremely developed axillary and inguinal buttresses, the for-
mer connected with the first rib, the latter anchylo.sed between the
fifth and sixth costal plates ; eutoplastron anterior to the humero-
pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces
very broad, that of the upper jaw with two strong, slightly den-
ticulated median ridges ; edge of jaws denticulated ; choanje be-
hind the level of the eyes. Limbs somewhat approaching the
paddle-shape, very broadly webbed, with four claws. Tail very
short.

Disirihution. Bengal, Burma, Malay Peninsula. Thoroughly
aquatic ; herbivorous.

38 TESTUDINID.E,

35. Batagur baska.

Emys batagur, Gray, Si/n. Jiepf. p. 23 ; id. III. Lid. Zool. ii, pi. lix.
Emys baska, Grai/, Sijn. Kept. p. 24 ; id. 111. Ind. Zool. i, pi. Ixxv.
Tetraonyx baska, Bum. 8f Bibr. Erp. Gen. ii. p. 341 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 25.
Tetraonyx batagur, Graij, Cat. Tort. p. 29.
Tetraonyx affinLs, part., Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 612.
Batagur ba.ska, Gray, Cat. Sk. Rept. i, p. 35, pi. xvi; G'dnth. Rept.

B. I. p. 37, pi. iii, tigs. B, B'; Bouleny. Cat. Chel. Sfc. p. 61.

Carapace moderately depressed, with a vertebral keel in the
young, which keel disappears in the adult ; nuchal broader than
long ; first vertebral as broad in front as behind, or a little broader ;
vertebrals 2 to 4 subequal, much broader than long in the young,
nearly as long as broad and as broad as the costals in the adult ;
the postero-lateral border of the third vertebral strongly concave.
Plastron large, strongly angulate laterally in the young, convex in
the adult, truncate anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly ; the
width of the bridge exceeds the length of the posterior lobe ; the
longest median suture is that between the abdominals, the shortest
that between the gulars, the latter never more than half that be-
tween the humerals ; inguinal large, axillary smaller. Head rather
small ; snout pointed, produced, directed upwards ; jaws with
denticulated edge, upper feebly notched mesially ; the width of
the lower jaw at the symphysis nearly equals the diameter of
the orbit. Limbs with transversely enlarged, band-like scales.
Upper surface of shell and soft parts olive-brown, lower surface
yellowish.

Length of shell 21 inches.

Hah. Bengal, Burma, Malay Peninsula.

Genus KACHUGA,
Gray, Cat. Sh. Eept. i, p. 35, 1855.

Pourth vertebral shield elongate, embracing four or five neural
plates ; neural plates hexagonal, anterior lateral margins shortest.
Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with ex-
tremely developed axillary and inguinal buttresses, the former con-
nected with or nearly reaching the first rib, the latter anchylosed
between the fifth and sixth costal plates ; entoplastron anterior to
the humero-pectoral suture. 8kull with a bony temporal arch ;
alveolar surfaces very broad, that of upper jaw with a median ridge ;
edge of jaws denticulated ; choana3 on a level with the posterior
border of the eyes, or behind it. Upper surface of head covered
with undivided skin. Digits very broadly webbed. Tail very
short.

Distribution. India and Burma. Thoroughly aquatic ; her-
bivorous.

KACnUGA.

39

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Third vertebral sMeld forming a broad sutiire
with the fourth, which embraces four neural
plates.
a. Second vertebral shield with straight trans-
verse posterior border.
«'. Alveolar surface of upper jaw extremely
broad, the median ridge nearer the outer
than the inner margin ; bony choanie be-
hind the orbits K. lineata, p. 40.

b' . Alveolar surface of upper jaw narrower,
the median ridge nearer the inner than the
outer margin ; bony choanae between the
orbits K. trivittata, p. 41.

Fig. 12. — Shell of Kachuga trivittata,

b. Second vertebral shield pointed or produced

behind, entering the third K. dhomjoka, p. 41.

B. Fourth vertebral shield pointed in front, nar-
rowly in contact with the third, embracing
five neural plates.
a. Third vertebral quadrangular, much longer
than broad, posterior border straight or
slightly convex K. smithii, p. 42.

40 TESTUDINID^.

b. Third vertebral shield pentagonal, pointed be-
hind.
a'. Second vertebral shield much shorter than
third, embracing two neural plates,
a". Posterior margin of carapace strongly ser-
rated ; 26 marginal shields (including

caudals) K. sylhetensis, p. 42.

b" . Posterior margin not serrated K. intermedia, p. 43.

b' . Second vertebral shield as long as broad,

embracing three neural plates K. tectum, p. 43.

36. Kachuga lineata.

Emys dhor, part., Gray, Sxjn. Rept, p. 20.

Emys dentata, part, Gray, Syn. Rept. errata, & pis. viii, ix ; id. III.

Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Iviii, fig. 1.
Emys lineata, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 23.
Emys kachnga, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. Ixxiv.
Batagur lineata. Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 35, pi. xvii ; Giinth. Rept.

B. I. p. 39.
Batagur ellioti, Gray, P. Z. S. 1802; p. 264 ; Giluth. Rept. B. I.

p. 40, pi. iii, figs. A, A'.
Kachuga hardwickii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 202.
? Kachuga fusca. Gray, Suppl. Cat. >Sk. Rept. i, p. 66.
Kachuga lineata. Gray, Sappl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 56 ; Buideng. Cat.

Chel. Sf-c. p. 54.
Batagur kachuga, Theoh. Cat. p. 19.

Carapace of young strongly keeled, the keels tubercular poste-
riorly on the second and third vertebral shields, posterior margin
strongly crenulated ; the marginal serrature disappears in adoles-
cent specimens, and the vertebral keel, after being reduced to a
series of low knobs, vanishes entii'ely in the full-grown, the cara-
pace of which is very convex. Nuchal shield small, trapezoid,
broadest posteriorly ; first vertebral as broad in front as behind, or
broader; second vertebral longer than third, with which it forms
a straight transverse suture ; fourth longest and forming a broad
suture with the third ; second vertebral broader than long in the
young, as long as broad in the adult. Plastron angulate laterally
in tlie young ; anterior and posterior lobes rather narrow and
shorter than the width of the bridge, truncate anteriorly, openly
notched posteriorly ; the longest median suture between the
abdominals, the shortest between tlie gulars, \\'hich equals about
one half that between the humerals ; the suture between gulars
and humerals forms an obtuse angle, and so does that between
humerals and pectorals ; inguinal large, axillary smaller. Head
moderate ; snout obtuse, moderately prominent ; jaws with denti-
culated edge, upper not notched mesially ; alveolar surfaces very
broad, the median ridge of the upper jaw being somewhat nearer
the outer than the inner margin ; choanse behind the line of the
posterior borders of the orbits ; the width of the lower jaw at the
symphysis equals the diameter of the orbit. Limbs with trans-

KACHUGA. 41

versely enlarged, baud-like scales. Brown above, yellowish below ;
nape with red longitudinal lines.

Length of shell 15 inches.

Hab. Northern Peninsular India ; Ganges, Kistna, and Godavai'i
rivers; Burma.

37. Kachuga trivittata.

Emys trivittata, Bian. Sf Blhr. Erp. Gen. ii, p. 33 1.

Batagur trivittata, Theoh. Jour. Linn. Soc. x, 18G8, u. 14, and Cat.

p. 20.
Kacliiiga pegiiensis et trilineata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 20!J.
Batagur iravadica, Anders. An. Zuol. lies. Yunnan, p. 7313, pis. Ixiv,

Ixv, Ixviii, & Ixix.
Kachuga trivittata, Boulcng. Cat. Chel. ^-c. p. 55.

Differs from the preceding in the much narrower alveolar sur-
face of the jaws, the median ridge of the upper jaw being nearer
the inner than the outer margin ; choanie between the orbits ;
the width of the lower jaw at the symphysis is less than the dia-
meter of the orbit. Considerable uncertainty prevails in the dis-
tinction of isolated shells of this species from the preceding. The
male B. trivittata is characterized by three black longitudimal
bands on the carapace, which are absent in the female according to
Theobald, whose opinion I am disposed to endorse rather tTian
that of Anderson, who makes a distinct species {B. iravadica) for
the specimens (females and young males) without bauds.

Length of shell 22 inches.

Hah. L'rawnddy river from Bhumo to Rangoon; Tenasserim.

38. Kaclmga dhongoka.

Emys dhongoka, Gray, III. Lid. Zoul. ii, pi. Ix.

Batagur dhongoka. Gray, Cat. Sh. Jiept. i, p. 36, pi. xviii; Gilnth.

Rept. B. J. p. 42 ; Theob. Cat. p. 22.
Pangshura leithii, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 60.
Kachuga dhongoka, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. ^-c. p. 50.

Carapace much depressed, keeled in the young, the keels reduced
to a knob on each of the anterior vertebrals in the adult ; posterior
margin crenulated. Nuchal shield small, trapezoid, broadest
behind ; first vertebral usually narrower in front than behind, with
sinuous lateral borders ; second vertebral broader than long in the
young, longer than broad in the adult, posterior border pointed or
more or less produced, fitting into an emargination of the third
vertebral, which is shorter than either the second or the third.
Plastron angulate laterally in the young ; front lobe truncate, hind
lobe angidarly notched, shorter than the width of the bridge ; the
longest median suture is between the abdominals ; suture between
the gulars as long or nearly as long as that between the humerals ;
the suture between gulars and humerals forms a right angle, and

42 TESTUDINID^.

that between humerals and pectorals a straight transverse line ;
inguinal large, axillary smaller. Jaws and soft parts as iu
K. trivittata. Brown above, yellowish below ; carapace with three
more or less distinct black longitudinal bands.

Length of shell 14 inches.

Bab. Northern India (Ganges and Indus) ; and Poona in the
Deccan, if a specimen obtained by Dr. Leith was correctly labelled.

39. Kachuga smitMi.

Batagur smithii, Gra;/, P. Z. S. 18G3, p. 253.

Paugshura smithii, Giinfh. Rept. B. I. p. 3G ; Theob. Cat. p. 15.

Kachuga smitliii, Boulemj. Cat. Chel. S)-c. p. 57, pi. i.

Carapace much depressed, feebly keeled. Nuchal shield small,
trapezoidal, broadest posteriorly ; hrst vertebral wifh sinuous lateral
borders, usually a little narrower in front than behind ; second
vertebral shortest, bi'oader than long, usually with straight or
slightly convex posterior border ; third vertebral considerably
longer than broad, subquadrangular, posterior border straight or
sliglitly convex ; fourth vertebral longest, tapering anterioidy and
forming a narrow suture with the third ; fifth vertebral much
broader than the others. Plastron feebly angulated laterally,
large ; front lobe rounded, hind lobe angularly notched and as long
as or a little shorter than the width of the bridge ; the longest
median suture is that between the abdominals, which about equals
the length of the front lobe ; gulars usually shorter than the
suture between the humerals, their suture with the latter shields
forming a right angle ; inguinal large, axillary smaller. Head
moderate ; snout short, obtuse, feebly ])romiuent ; jaws with
denticulated edge, upper not notched mesially ; alveolar surface of
upper jaw broad, the median ridge nearer the inner than the outer
border ; bony choante between the orbits ; the width of the lower
jaw at the symphj'sis is less than the diameter of the orbit. Pore
limbs with large transverse scales. Pale olive-brown above ; dorsal
keel usually blackish ; plastral shields and lower surface of mar-
ginals dark brown, bordered with yellow.

Length of shell 8^ inches.

Hab. Upper Ganges and Indus with their ti'ibutaries.

40, Kachuga sylhetensis.

Pangshura sylhetensis, Jerdun, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 69 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 15.
Kachuga sylhetensis, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. S,-c. p. 57.

Carapace elevated, tectiform, the keel ending in an elevated
pointed nodosity on the third vertebral shield, forming a strong
ridge on the last two vertebrals ; posterior margin very strongly
serrated ; 26 marginal shields, instead of 24 as in all other species
of the genus ; first vertebral shield much broader in front than
behind in the half-grown specimens, equally broad in front and

KACHUGA. 43

behind in the adult ; second vertebral shortest, broader than long,
with straight posterior border ; third vertebral considerably longer
than broad, pointed behind, and forming a very narrow suture
with the fourth, which tapers anteriorly and equals in length the
first and second together ; fifth vertebral not broader than fourth,
pointed posteriorly. Plastron large, feebly angulate laterally,
truncate anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly ; the longest
median suture is that between the abdominals ; suture between the
gulars as long as or shorter than that between the humerals ;
suture between gulars and humerals forming a right angle ; inguinal
and axillary large. Carapace olive-brown, usually with a lighter
streak along the keel ; plastral shields dark brown with a broad
yellow border.

Length of shell 7 inches.

Uah. Sylhet and Assam.

41. Kachuga intermedia.

Emys (Pangshura) tectum, var. intermedia, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxxix,

1870, pt. -l, p. .339, pi. xiv, and xlviii, 1879, p. 110.
Kachuga intermedia, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. Sj-c. p. 58.

Shell as in K. tectum^ but second vertebral shield shortest and
broader than long. Carapace brown ; plastral shields black, with
yellow anterior and lateral margins. Head dull olive, paler below ;
a ferruginous spot behind the eye, and three others, less well
marked, in a convex line on the occiput ; limbs uniform olive.

Length of shell 4| inches.

Hub. ILasdo river, Bilaspur, Central Provinces ; Godavari.

This Tortoise is only known to me from Blanf ord's description.

42. Kachuga tectum.

Emys tecta, Gray, Si/n, liejjt. p. 23, pi. v ; id. III. Ind. Zuol. i,

pi. Ixxii.
Emys tentoria, Grm/, P. Z. S. 18.34, p. 54.
Pangshura tecta, Giinth. Rcpt. B. 1. p. 33 ; Thcoh. Cat. p. 13.
Pangsliuni tentoria, Giinth. Bept. B. I. p. 34, pi. iv, figs. C, C; Throb.

Cat. p. 14.
Pangshura flaviventer, Giinth. Bept. B. I. ]). 35; Theob. Cat. p. 15.
Kachuga tectum, Boulcmj. Cat. Chel. Sf'c. p. 58.

Carapace elevated, tectiform, the keel ending in a nodosity on the
third vertebral shield ; posterior margin not or but very slightly
serrated ; nuchal shield small, square or trapezoidal ; first vertebral
very variable in shape, usually with straight lateral borders diverg-
ing forwards in the half-gro\\n specimens, narrower in froul and
with sinuous lateral borders in the adult ; second vertebral as long
as or a little longer than second, frequently obtusely pointed
behind ; third vertebral pointed behind, in contact with the point
of the very elongate fourth ; fifth vertebral broader than the
others. Plastron large, strongly angulated laterally in the young,
truncate anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly ; proportions of

44 PLATTSTEENID^.

plastral shields very variable ; suture between gulars and humerals
forming a right angle ; axillary and inguinal large. Head mode-
i-ate ; snout short, rather pointed and prominent ; jaws with den-
ticulated edge, upper not notched mesially ; alveolar surface of
upper jaw with the median ridge nearer the inner than the outer
border ; bony choana3 between the orbits ; the width of the lower
jaw at the symphysis is less than the diameter of the orbit. Fore
limbs with large transverse scales. Carapace olive, that of young
\\ith some black spots, especially on the ])osterior edge of the first
three vertebrals ; an orange vertebral band and a narrow yellow
margin ; carapace more uniform in the adult ; plastron orange or
red, with black spots, or brown with a yello\^ ish anterior and lateral
border to each shield, in one specimen uniform yellow. Head
blackish ; jaws and sides of crown orange ; neck with numerous
yellow lines on a blackish ground ; limbs dark olive, spotted with
yellow.

Length of shell up to nearly 9 inches.

Hab. Gauges and Indus systems.

Family III. PLATYSTERNID^.

Shell covered \^ith epidermal shields. Caudal vertebra) mostly
opisthoca'lous. jN^eck completely retractile within the shell.
Parietal bones ^^•idely separated from squamosals ; temporal region
completely roofed over. Digits moderately elongate ; phalanges
with condyles ; claws four or five.

A single genus and species, remarkable for its large head and
long tail.

Genus PLATYSTERNUM,
Gray, P. Z.S. 1831, p. lOG.

Plastron moderately large, connected with the carapace by liga-
ment ; a series of inframarginal shields separates the plastral
shields from the marginals. Head very large, covered above with
an undivided horny shield ; jaws very strong, hooked, without
additional alveolar ridges. Digits feebly «ebbed, all except the
outer toe clawed. Tail very long, subcylindrical, compressed at
the end, with rings of squarish shields.

A single species.

43. Platysternum megacephalum.

Platysternum megacephalum, Gray, P. Z.S. 1831, p. 107; id. III.

Ind. Zoul. ii, pi. Ixii ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 43 ; Boideng. Cat. Chel.

^■c. p. 46.
Platysternon peguense, Gray, Suppl. Cut. Sh. Rept. i, p. 70 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 26.

PLATYSTEENUM,

45

Carapace much depressed, oval, with a feeble median keel poste-
riorly ; anterior border broadly emarginate. Nuchal shield very
small, bi-oader than long ; vertebrals broader than long, as broad
as the costals or a little narrower, much broader in the young,
in which the posterior border of the carapace is distinctly serrated.

Fig. 13. — Skull of Plafysttrnmn megaccphalum.

Front lobe of plastron squarish, posterior angularly emarginate ;
the width of the bridge contained four or five times in the length
of the plastron ; the longest plastral shields are the anals, femorals,
and humerals ; the shortest the gulars, which occupy, however,
the whole \\ idth of the front border of the plastron ; frequently a
small intergular shield between the gulars and the humerals.
Upper surface of head and temple with an undivided horny scute.

46

PLATTSTERNIDjE.

Throat with round flat tubercles. Anterior surface of arm with
large squarish scutes. Hinder side of thighs with large conical
tubercles. Tail at least as long as the shell. Carapace and soft
parts of adult olive-bro^\'n ; plastron yellowish brown. Young
more elegantly marked : — Upper surface of head and neck and
carapace olive-brown, with a few dark brown dots on the crown
and one in the centre of each costal scute ; the edge of the carapace
yellow ; jaws yellow : a yellow black-edged streak on each side along
the temple ; sides and lower surface of neck and limbs whitish ;
up2)er surface of limbs blackish : plastron yellow, with a synnnetrical
black marking along the middle ; tail blackish above, yellow \\\\h
a black median line beneath.

Head and neck 3 inches, carapace 6, tail 6|.

Pig. 14. — Shell of Platysternum megacephalmn.

A rare tortoise, found in streams in Burma and Siam ; the speci-
mens on record are mostly from Pegu and Tenasserim. It is also
known from Southern China, where, according to Swinhoe (P. Z. 8.
1870, p. 409), it occurs in the western parts of Kwangtung Province
and in Kwangse.

CHELONrD.i;.

47

Family IV. CHELONID^.

Shell covered with epidermal shields. Caudal vertebrre pro-
coelous. Neck incompletely retractile ; cervical vertebrae short.

Fig. 15. — Skull of C'helone imhricafa.

Temple completely roofed over ; parietal bone iu contact with the
squamosal. Limbs paddle-shaped ; phalaiiges without condyles ;
claws one or two.

The Marine Turtles belong to three species, falling- into t\\o

48 CHELONID^.

genera, viz, : — The Green Turtle, CheJone mijdas, the Hawlvsbill,
Chelone imbricata, and the Loggerhead, Thcdassoclielys caretta, all
three of which occur in the Indian Ocean, The Green Turtle is
valuable as an article of food, the Hawksbill for the tortoise-shell
(the epidermal horny shields) ; whilst the Loggerhead is of no
commercial value, or produces but a very inferior quality of tortoise-
shell.

The Chelonida^ are thoroughly marine turtles, approaching the
shores only for the purpose of depositing their eggs, which are
very numerous, soft-shelled, and buried in the sand. As these
eggs are large and excellent eating, they are much sought for.

The genera are thus distinguished : —

Costal shields 4 pairs Chelone, p. 48.

Costal shields 5 or more pairs Thalassochelys, p. 49.

Genus CHELONE,
Brongniart, Bull. Soc. Philoin. iii^ 1800, p. 89.

Carapace with persisting fontanelles between the costal and
marginal plates. Costal shields four pairs. An intergular shield
and a series of inframarginal plastral shields.

T\\o species are known.

Synopsis of Species.

Upper jaw not hooked C. mydas, p. 48.

Upper jaw hooked C. ivihricata, p. 49.

44. Chelone mydas.

Testudo mydas, Limi. Syst. Nat. i, p. 350.

Chelonia mydas, tSc/ncciyy. Prodr. p. "22; Boideny. Cat. Chel. ^-c. p. 180.
Chelouia virgata, Sclnveif/g. Prodr. p. 22 ; Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi,
1847, p. G17 ; Guntli. lieft. B. I. p. 53; Theoh. Cat. p. 33.

Carapace feebly unicarinate in the young (sometimes with slight
indication of lateral keels), arched or subtectiform in the adult ;
dorsal shields juxtaposed ; margin not or but indistinctly serrated,
formed of 25 shields. 8nout very short ; jaws not hooked ; horny
sheaths of upper jaw with feebly denticulated edge and striated
inner surface, of lower jaw with strongly denticulated edge ;
alveolar surface of upper jaw with two strong denticulated ridges ;
symphysis of lower jaw short ; one pair of pra^frontal shields.
Limbs usually with a single claw; the second digit sometimes
provided with a distinct claw in young specimens. Young dark
brown or olive above, the limbs margined with yellow ; yellow
beneath, with a large dark brown spot on the hand and foot.
Carapace of adult olive or brown, spotted or marbled with yellowish.

Length of shell 4 feet.

Hah. Tropical and subtropical seas. Rather rare in the Bay of
Bengal. Herbivorous ; edible, but occasionally poisonous.

THALASSOCHELYS. 49

45. Chelone imbricata.

Testudo imbricata, Li}in. St/st. Nat. i, p. 350.

Clielonia imbricata, Schweigg. Prodi: p. 21; Boideivj. Cat. Chel. Sfc.

p. 183.
Eretmoclielys squamata, At/as-iiz, Contr. X. H. U. S. i, p. 382.
Caretta squamata, Giinth. R-^pt. B. I. p. 54 ; Theoh. Cat. p. 33,

Fig. 16. — Chelone imhricata (young).

Carapace tricarinate in the youug, with the shields strongly
imbricate, the vertebrals rhoinboidal ; dorsal shields of adult smooth.,
of old specimens juxtaposed ; margin formed of 25 shields, more or
less strongly serrated posteriorly. Snout compressed in the adult ;
jaws hooked, not or but very feebly denticulated on the margin ;
symphysis of lower jaw long ; two pairs of shields anterior to the
azygous frontal. Limbs with two clau's. Young pale browu above,
blackish below. Carapace of adult marbled yellow and dark brown,
plastron yellow ; shields of head and limbs dark brown with yellow
borders.

Length of shell 3 feet.

Hah. Tropical and subtropical seas. Plentiful on the coasts of
Ceylon and the Maldives, Carnivorous.

Geuus THALASSOCHELYS,

Fitziuger, Ann. Wieu. Mus. i, 1835, p. 121.

Carapace completely ossified in the adult. Costal shields five
pairs or more. A series of inframarginal plastral shields,
A single species.

E

50 ' SPHABGID^.

46. Thalassoclielys caretta.

Testudo caretta, Linn. Syst. Nat. \, p. 351.

Chelonia caoiiamia, Schwcifff/. Prodr. p. 22,

Clielonia olivacea, Eschsch. Zool. Atl. p. 3, pi. iii ; Cantor, J. A. S. B.

xvi, 1847, p. G19.
Caouana olivacea, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 52 ; Theoh. Cat. p. 33.
Thalassochelys caretta, Bouleng. Cat. Chel. 8^c. p. 184.

Carapace of young with three strong keels, of adult arched or
subtectiform ; dorsal shields juxtaposed ; margin serrated pos-
teriorly in the young, formed of 27, or rarely 25 shields. Intergular
shield very small or absent. Head large, with very strong, hooked
jaws ; symphysis of lower jaw very long ; alveolar surface of horny
beak with a median ridge, of jaws without ; two pairs of shields
anterior to the azygous frontal. Limbs of young usually ^^■ith two
claws, of adult frequently with but one. Toinig uniform dark
brown or blackish ; adult brown above, yellowish inferiorly.

Length of shell 4 feet.

Hah. Tropical and subtropical seas ; Mediterranean ; an acci-
dental visitor in the North. Not rare in the Bay of Bengal.
Carnivorous, feeding chiefly on crustaceans and mollusca.

Suborder II. ATHEC^.

Family V. SPHARGID^.

Exoskeleton consisting of mosaic-like juxtaposed plates. Plastral
elements eight ; no entoplastron. Limbs paddle-shaped, cla\\'less,
the digits of the fore limb much elongate ; phalanges without
condyles.

This family contains a single genus and species, the well-known
Leathery Turtle.

Genus DERMOCHELYS,

Blainville, Journ. de Phys. Ixxxiii, 1816, p. 259.

Dorsal shield completely, ventral shield incompletely bony in the
adult, the former w ith seven, the latter with five keels. Beak with
two triangular cusps, between three deep notches ; no enlarged
alveolar surface, the jaws simply sharp-edged. Head covered with
small shields.

47. Derniochelys coriacea.

Testudo coriacea, Linn. Sy!<t. Nat. i, p. 350.

Spliargis coiiacea, Gray, Si/n. Rept. i, p. 51.

Dermatochelys coriacea, Giinth. Rept. B.I. p . 55 ; Theoh. Cat. p. 34.

Dermoclielvs coriacea. Bunlentj. Cat. Chel. ^-c. p. 10.

Eore limbs as long as the dorsal shield in the young, shorter in
the adult. Colour dark brown, uniform or spotted with yellow ;

DEEMOCHELYS,

51

the loDgitiidiiial series of enlarged tubercles and the border of the
limbs yellowish in the young.
Grows to a length of 8 feet.

Fig. 17. — Skull of DeriHochelys coriacea*.

Hah. Grenerally distributed between the tropics, but scarce
e\"erywhere ; an accidental A'isitor to temperate coasts. Of no
commercial value. Only on one occasion has this turtle been
observed to deposit her eggs on the coast of Tenasserim, on
February 1st, 1862, near the mouth of the Yc Kiver {cf. TickelJ,
J. A. 8. B. xxxi, 1862, p. 367, with figure of the turtle).

* Figures 4, 7, S, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 11, 15, and 17are froui the British Museum
Catalogue of Chelouians &e., 1889, the woodcuts having been, by permissioa
of the Trustees, used in the present work.

e2

52

Order III. SQUAMATA.

Quadrate bone free distally ; no lower temporal arch. Kibs
single-headed. No plastron. Teeth not implanted in alveoli,
xlual opening transverse. Copulatory organ present, paired.

Three Suborders : —

1. LACERTiLIA, Lizards. — Nasal bones entering the border
of the nasal apertures ; pterygoid in contact with quadrate ;
vomers distinct ; mandibular rami united by suture. Pec-
toral arch or its vestiges present ; clavicle present whenever
the limbs are developed. Tongue flattened.
II. RHIPT0GL0S8A, Chamdeons.—^vm^l bones not bounding
nasal apertures ; pterygoid not reaching quadrate ; vomer
single ; mandibular rami united by suture. Clavicle absent ;
limbs well developed. Tongue vermiform, projectile.
III. OPHIDIA, SnaJces. — Nasal bones bounding nasal apertures ;
vomers distinct ; mandibular rami connected by ligament.
No trace of pectoral arch. Tongue flattened and bilid at the
end, and sheathed at the base.

Suborder I. LACERTILIA.

Lizards may be distinguished from Snakes, apart from the
osteological characters given above, either by the presence of tour
limbs, or in all tbe limbless forms, which are not very numerous, by
the tongue not being retractile into a basal sheath, as in the Oj/hidUi.
Eyelids and an ear-opening, absent in all Snakes, are usually,
though not always, distinct in limbless Lizards. Only one type of
Lizards, the American JJclodenna, is known to be poisonous.

This suborder is divided into 20 families, of which the following
8 are represented in the Indian fauna.

iSyno2yi>is of ladiaa Fainilies.

A. TuugLie smooth or with villose papillie ; clavicle diljitud, loop-

shaped proximally ; uo postorbital or postfi'outo-.squamosal arches.

Vertebrae amphiccelian ; parietal bones distinct Fam. L Geckonidae.
Vertebree procoelian ; parietal single Fam. 2. Eublepharidae.

B. Tongue smooth or with villose papillte ; clavicle not dilated

proximally.

Postorbital and posttruutu-squamosal arches present ;

supratemporal fossa uot routed over by boue ;

tongue thick; acrodont Fam. 3. Agamidae.

Postorbital and postfronto- squamosal arches present;

supratemporal fossa rooted over ; bodv with

lACERTILIA. 53

osteodermal plates, each provided with a sys-
tem of irregularly arranged arborescent or radi-
ating tubules ; anterior portion of tongue

retractile ; pleurodont , Fam. 4. Anguidae.

Postorbital arch incomplete ; postfrouto-squamosal
arch present ; supratemporal fossa not roofed
over ; nasal bone single ; tongue deeply bifid,
sheathed posteriorly .Fam. o. Varanidae.

C. Tongue covered with imbricate scale-like papillte or with obhque
plicjB ; clavicle dilated proximally, frequently loop-shaped.

Postorbital and postfrouto-squamosal arches present ;
supratemporal fossa roofed over ; praemaxillary
single; no osteodermal plates on the body. Fam. 6. Lacertidaa.

Postorbital and postfrouto-squamosal arches present ;
praemaxillary double ; body with o.steodermal
plates, each provided with a regular system ot
tubules (a transverse une anastomosing with
longitudinal ones) Fam. 7. Scincidae.

No interorbital septum : no columella cranii ; no
arches; pnemaxillary double; no osteodermal
plates Fam. 8. Dibamidae,

The following is an artificial key, based upon characters which
are readily observable \Aithout any kno\^ledge of the internal
structure of tlie animals, and by which any Lizard occurring within
the area ascribed to this fauna may be referred to the family to
which it belongs : —

A. Tongue smooth or with villose papilhe,

short or moderate, not sheathed at the
base (see fig. 20, p. 5')).

a. Head covered with granules or small

scales ; body without bony armour.

No movable eyelids ' 1. Geckonidae, p. 54.

Movable, connivent eyelids ; dorsal scales
granular and tubercular, round, jux-
taposed ; pui)il vortical 2. Eublepharidae, p. 107.

Movable, connivent eyelids ; dorsal .scales

mo.stly imbricate ; pupil round .... '•*>. Agamidae, p. 109.

b. Head with symmetrical shields above;

body rigid, with bony plates under-
lying the scales \ 4. Anguidae, p. lo8.

B. Tongue much elongate, sheathed at the

base, similar to that of Snakes ; head

covered whh small scales 5. Varanidae, p. ICO.

C. Tongue covered with imbricate scale-
like papilla3 (see fig. 51, p. 167) or oblique
plicae ; head with symmetrical shields.

a. Eyes exposed.

Ventral scales much difterentiated from

the dorsals ; femoral or prteanal

pores 6. Lacertidae, p. 1G7.

Body covered with cycloid imbricate

scales ; no femoral or prgeaual pores 7. Scincidae, p. 180.
Eyes hidden under the shields 8. Dibamidae, p. 229,

54

GECKONID^.

Family I. GECKONID^.

Skull without postorbital or postfronto-squamosal arch ; no
squamosal ; prsemaxjUary single ; nasals distinct ; parietals dis-
tinct ; frontals completely surrounding the olfactory lobes of the
brain; a fibro-cartilaginous iuterorbital septum; a columella cranii ;

J-If /

«/■• ano'

pm

B C

Fig. 18. — Skull of Gecl'o verticillafii.H

A. Side view.

B. Upper view.

C.

Lower view.

avg.

Angular.

./; Frontal.

pro.

Prootie.

ar.

ArticuLir.

is. Iuterorbital septum

pf.

Pterygoid.

ho.

Basioceipital.

'III. ^laxillai'y.

v'f-

Piisti'rontal.

hp.

Basisplienoid.

v. Nasal.

?•

Quadrate.

c.

Columella cranii.

no. Opistliotic.

.^.uiig.

Supra-angular

CM

Columella auris.

2>. Parietal.

.so.

Supra occipital.

cr.

Coronoicl.

■pi. Palatine.

.^f.

Supratenipoi-al.

(1.

Deiitary.

p/«. Prjvmaxillary.

fp.

Ti-aus]ialatine.

eo.

Exoccipital.

prf, pf. Pra^frontal. '

V.

Vomer.

mandible containing only fi\e bones, the angular and articular
having coalesced. Teeth small, numerous, witli cylindrical shaft
anchylosed to the inner edge of the jaws (Pleurodoiit dentition) ;

GECKONID.i:.

55

no teeth ou the palate. Xo dermal ossifications on the haed or
body. Vertebra? amphicoelous (biconcave). Clavicle dilated and
perforated proxiraally ; iuterclavicle rhomboidal or cruciform.

Tongue moderately elongate, very feebly incised anteriorly,
smooth or villose. Eye usually large, frequently with vertical
pupil, without counivent eyelids (except in the Malay genus ^Elu-
roscalahotes). Ear distinct (except in Teratolepis), Scales soft,
granular or tubercular on the upper surfaces, usually roundish or

Fig. 19. — Pectoral arch of Gecko vcrticillatus. Fig. 20. — Tongue of same.

cl. Clavicle.
cor. Coracoid.

i.cl. Iuterclavicle.
St. Sternum.

e.cor. Epieoracoid.
sc. Scapula.

hexagonal and imbricate on the lower surfaces; in Teratolepis, and
in a few non-Indian genera, the back is covered \\\t\\ large
imbricate scales. Xo symmetrical shields on the crown. Limbs
well developed; digits often dilated. Femoral or pncanal poi'es
frequently present, but only in the males. Tail fragile (except in
Agamura).

With the exception of members of the geuera Gonatodes, Pristu-
rus, and Phelsuma, all Indian Greckos are more or less nocturnal.
They are mostly oviparous, the eggs being round and hard-shelled ;
the only species at present known to be ovoviviparous are the Xew
Zealand Jt^aultinus clci/ntis and IJopIotI act tjlus i:>acijicns .

The GecJconidct', of which about 280 species are known, occiu" all
over the hotter parts of the world. They are most numerous in
the Indian and Australian regions.

Synopsis of Indian, Cei/lonese, and Burmese Genera.

A. Digits not or but very slightly dilated, all
clawed.
a. Digits straight, not angularly bent at
any of the articulations.

a'. Digits fringed laterally Stenodactylus, p. 56,

b'. Digits not fringed laterally Alsophylax, p. 58,

56 geckonid;e.

I. Dig-its angularly bent, thus composed of a
basal and a terminal portion.
a' . Pupil vertical.

a". Tail fragile Gymnodactylus, p. 59.

h". Tail very thin, not fragile Agamuea, p. 71.

h' . Pupil round.

a" . Tail compressed, crested Pristueus, p. 72.

b". Tail neither compressed nor crested Goxatodes. p. 73.
B. Digits -with strong dilatations.
a. Digits clawed : pupil vertical.
a'. Digits not dilated at the base, ending
in a suhtriaiigular or heart-shaped
expansion divided beneath by a
longitudinal groove into which the
claw is retracted.
a" . Digital expansions with two plates
beneath ; the penultimate joint
with an expansion similar to the

distal Calodactylus, p. 80.

h" . Each digit with only one expan-
sion, which is furnished beneath

with fine lamellfe Ptyodactylus, p. 81.

b' , Digits dilated at the base, the distal

joint compressed.

a" . The distal joint long, free, rising

from within the extremity of the

digital expansion.

a. Inner digit with compressed,

clawed phalanx ; dorsal scales

granular or tubercular Hemidactylus, p. 82.

/3. Inner digit with compressed,
clawed phalanx : dorsal scales

large, imbricate Teratolepis, p. 9G.

y. Inner digit clawless Gehyra, p. 90.

h" . The distal joint at the extremity of
the digital expansion.
a. Digits free or slightly webbed.
a . A double series of subdigital

lamellfe : inner digit clawless LKPiDODACTVLtTS, p. 97.
ft' . A single series of subdigital la-
mellae ; inner digit with com-
pressed, clawed phalanx .... Hoplodactylus, p. 100.
y . A single series of subdigital la-

mella3 ; inner digit clawless. . Gecko, p. 101.

/3. Digits entirely webbed Ptychozoox, p. 104.

h. Digits clawless ; pupil round Phelsuma, p. 105.

Genus STENODACTYLUS,

Fitzinger, N. Classif. Rept. p. 13, 1826.

Digits not dilated, nor bent at any of the articulations,
f urnislied M'itb a long cla«-, and a lateral fringe or denticulation of
pointed scales ; beneath with a series of keeled scales. Body
covered with juxtaposed or subimbricate scales. Pupil vertical.
No prseanal or femoral pores.

STENODACTYLUS.

57

This genus is restricted to the desert districts of North Africa
and Southern Asia eastwards to Sind. Six species are known,
two of which fall within the geographical limits assigned to this
work.

Synojisis of Indian Species.

Snout as long as distance between orbit and ear-
opening; ventral scales keeled S. orivntalif:, p. 57.

Snout much longer than distance between orbit

and ear-opening ; ventral scales smooth S. lumsrlemt, p. 58.

■Stenodacfi/IuR or ten falls,
h. Lower surface of toe.

48. Stenodactylus orientalis.

Stenodactylus orientalis, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlv, 1870, pt. 2, p. 21, pi. i,
fig. 2 ; Murrm/, Zool, Sind, p. 363 ; Bouleiu/. Cat. Liz. i, p. 10,
pi. iii, fig. 1.

Stenodactylus dunstervillei, Murrny, 1. c. Sf- erratum.

Head rather depressed, regularly oviform ; snout slightly longer
than the diameter of the orhit, as long as the distance between the
latter and the ear-opening ; forehead very slightly concave ; ear-
opening an oblique slit measuring two-thirds the diameter of the
eye. Body moderate, depressed. Limbs moderate ; digits elon-
gate, depressed, with well-developed lateral fringes; the transverse
inferior laiuell;^ quinquecarinate. Head covered with small
grannies, which are feebly keeled on the snout and bet\A'een the
eyes ; rostral quadrangular, broader than long, with median cleft
above ; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and
three nasals ; twelve upper and thirteen lower labials ; menta.
broader than long, subpentagonal, the lo\^er angle rounded ; no
chin-shields. Body covered with small granules, keeled on the

58 GECKONlB^i;.

ventral region, iutermixed with small, keeled, irregularly scattered
roundish tubercles on the back. Tail cylindrical, tapering to a
fine point, covered with small keeled scales arranged in rings.
Colour pale sandy, with indistinct darlcer transverse bands ; a
darker line from the eye down each side; dorsal tubercles darker;
lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 1'9 inch : tail 1'4.

Hah. Sind, in sandy deserts.

49. Stenodactylus liimsdenii.

Stenodactylus lumsdenii, Boulent/. C'af. Liz. iii, p. 470, and Tr. Liim.
Soc. Y, 1889, p. 94, pi. ix, li<i'. 1.

Snout much longer than the diameter of the orbit or the distance
between the orbit and the ear ; forehead very slightly concave ;
ear-opening vertically oval, one third the diameter of the eye. The
fore limb, stretched forwards, reaches the tip of the snout ; the
hind limb reaches the shoulder. Digits slender, shortly fringed
laterally, with feebly tricarinate inferior lamella?. Head covered
with small granules, intermixed with enlarged ones on the vertex,
the occiput, and the temples ; rostral quadrangular, nearly as
broad as long, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between
the rostral, the first labial, and two nasals ; 10 upper and 9
lower labials ; mental trapezoid, broader than long ; no chin-
shields ; gular granules minute. Back covered with small granules
intermixed with oval, very feebly keeled tubercles, forming about
twelve irregular longitudinal series. Ventral scales small, smooth,
subhexagonal, imbricate. Tail cylindrical, slightly depressed,
verticillate, with subequal, feebly keeled scales. .Sand-coloured
above, with seven darker bands across the body, and dark brown
bands across the tail ; head marbled with dark browji ; a dark
brown band from the eye to above the ear; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 1*4 inches ; tail 1*7.

Differs from >S'. orientaUs by the much longer snout, longer
limbs, larger and more numerous dorsal tubercles, smooth ventral
scales, &c.

Hah. North Baluchistan, in the sandy desert between Niishki
and the Helmand.

Genus ALSOPHYLAX,

Fitziuger, Syst. Eept. p. 90, 1843,

Digits not dilated, nor bent at any of the articulations, clawed,
not denticulated laterally, with a series of smooth or tuberculate
lamella} beneath. Body covered above vvith juxtaposed scales
intermixed with enlarged tubercles, below with imbricate scales.
Pupil vertical. Males with pr?eanal pores.

Distribution. Arid districts of Turkestan, Egypt, Arabia, Persia,
Baluchistan, and Sind. Six species are known, of which only one
has to be dealt with here.

GTMKODACTTLIJS. 59

50. Alsophylax tuberculatus.

Bunopus tuberciilatus, Blanf. A. M. X. II. (4) xili, 1874, p. 454 :
id. Eastern Persia, ii, p. 348, pi. xxii. fig. 4 ; Blurray, Zoo!. Siiid,
p. 304.

Alsopbylax tuberciilatus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 20.

Head moderate ; snout obtuse, a little longer than the diameter
of the orbit or the distance between the eye and the ear-opening ;
forehead very slightly concave ; ear-opening elliptic, vertical,
neai'ly half the diameter of the eye. Body moderately depressed.
Limbs moderate ; digits slender, the inferior lamella' furnished
with projecting tubercles. Head covered with large granules,
smaller and intermixed with round tubercles on the temporal and
occipital regions ; I'ostral sub{[uadrangu]ar, not much broader
tbau deep, with median cleft aI)ove ; nostril pierced between the
rostral, the first labial, and tliree nasals ; about 10 or \'2 upper and
8 to 10 lower labials ; mental subtrapezoid, broader than long ; no
chin-shields; gular granules minute. Back co\ered witli small irre-
gular flat granules, intermixed with large trihedral tubercles, forming
about fourteen irregular longitudinal series. Abdominal scales
rather small, subhexagonal. Males with 7 or 8 praeanal pores,
forming a slightly angular series. Tail cylindrical, slightly
depressed, verticillate, with rings of keeled tubercles; no enlarged
scales inferiorly. Colour sandy, with darker spots which may
more or less take the form of cross-bands on the back and tail : a
darker streak on the side of the head, passing through the eye,
sometimes meeting its fellow on the occiput, sometimes extending
to the side of the body ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 2*1 inches ; tail 2.

Hub. Abounds in parts of Baluchistan, uudei- 3000 feet of
elevation, being found in houses and under stones on hill-sides, &e.
Occurs also in Sind. in Sdiitli-eastern Persia, and on the coasts of
the Persian Cluir.

Genus GYMNODACIYLUS,
Spix, Spec. nov. Laceit. p. 17, 182-5.

Digits not dilated, clawed, cylindrical or slightly depressed at the
base ; the two or three distal phalanges compressed, forming an
angle with the basal portion of the digits ; the claw between two
enlarged scales, the lower of which is more or less deeply notched
under the claw ; digits beneath with a row of more or less distinct,
transverse plates. Body variously sealed. Pupil vertical. Males
with or without pra^mal or femoral pores.

Di.strihuiion. Borders of the Mediterranean; Southern Asia;
Australia ; islands of the Paciiic ; Tropical America. Some 37
species are known.

60 GECKONIDyi:.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Large trihedral tubercles forming straight

series along back.
a. Diameter of dorsal tubercles more than
half that of eye ; male with over 30
femoral pores, continuous in prseanal

region G, fnltschenlxoi , p. 01 .

/;. Diameter of dorsal tubercles less than half
that of eye ; male with 4 to 6 praeanal
pores,
fl'. About 20 imbricate scales across mid-
dle of belly.
«". Dorsal tubercles much larger than

ear-opening G. scaler, p. 02.

h" . Dorsal tubercles nearly equal to

small ear-openini;- in size G. hrevipes, p. 03.

b'. About 30 imbricate scales across
middle of belly ; dorsal tubercles
a little larger than ear-opening. ... G. hachhensix, p. 03. ^

B. Enlarged dorsal tubercles, if present, not

forming straight longitudinal series.

a. No lateral fold.

a'. Back covered with uniform granules,

which are smaller than the ventral

scales, or with scattered slightly

enlarged tubercles.

a". Tail swollen, depressed, ringed,

with enlarged tubercles at each side

of each ring G. stoUczkce, p. 03.

h". Tail cylindrical, without tubercles ;
nostril pierced between rostral, 1st
labial, and only two scales ; male

with pr.ieanal pores G. lawderamis, p. 04.

c". Tail cylindrical, without tubercles ;
nostril pierced between rostral, the
1st labial, and several scales : no

praeanal or femoral pores G. vehuhsus, p. 04.

h'. Back covered with juxtaposed uni-
form flat scales or tubercles, which
are much larger than the ventrals.
a" . Seven lower labials ; back and tail

with large dark spots G. jet/porensis, p. Go.

//', Nine to eleven lower labials : back
and tail with transverse white

bands G. deccanensis, p. 06.

c'. Back granular, with numerous feebly
keeled or trihedral tubercles.
a". Back with tubercles of unequal size ;
ventral scales tubercular, slightly

keeled G. uWofasciatus, p. GO.

h". Back with about 30 longitudinal
series of tubercles contained be-
tween an area bounded by faint
keels margining the belly G, ohlhami, p. 07.

GYMNODACTTLUS. 61

c". Back with numerous small trihedral

tubercles G. triedrus, p. 67.

. A sight fold from axilla to groin.
a'. TEnlarged dorsal tubercles small,
round, smooth ; male with two pairs

of praeaual pores G.fronatus, p. 68.

b'. Dorsal tubercles small, round, feebly

keeled.

a". About oo scales across middle

of belly, between lateral folds.

a. Subdigital laniellfe occupying

nearly the whole width of the

digits ; male without pubic

groove, with 10 to l^j ])ra3anal

pores ^ G. kJutsieiu^is, p. 58. ' fc

^. Subdigital lamellae considerably
narrower tliau tlie digits ; male
with a longitudinal groove on
the pubic region, containing 12

])ores G. nibidus, p. 69.

b", ^Vbout 25 scales across middle
of belly ; male with a pubic
groove containing ]iores and a long

series of femoral pores G. pulchellus, p. 60.

f'. Dorsal tubercles large, trihedral.

a". About 25 scales across middle of
belly ; male with 16 femoro-prie-

anal pores on each side G. variegatus, p. 70.

b". About 35 scales across middle of
helly ; male with 5 or 6 prseanal
pores on each side G . fasciolatus , p. 71,

Fig. 22. — Gymnodactylus khasiensis. Foot and lower and side views of toe.

51. Gymnodactylus fedtschenkoi.

Gymnodactylus geckoides {non Spix), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1863,

p. 410.
Gyrmiodactyluscaspius (nonEichw.), Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 80;

Theob. Cat. p. 91.
Gymnodactylus fedtschenkoi, Strauch, Mem. Ac. St. Pctersb. xxxv,

1887, p. 46 ; Boettg. Zool Jahrb. m, 1888, p. 884.

62 GECKOXID^.

In geueral cliaracltT allied to G. Icachhensis, but the shields ou
the top and sides of head are coarser and.cariiiated, the enlarged
tubercles on the body larger and closer together, in about 12
longitudinal series, separated by one or two rows of minute granu-
lar scales, and each of the trihedral tubercles is as large as the
opening of the ear; tail verticillate, above with similar sharply
keeled tubercles ; a row of enlarged subcaudals ; about eleven
upper and eight or nine lower labials ; two pairs of enlarged chin-
shields ; 18-20 longitudinal rows of scales across the belly, with
several rows of small scales at the sides ; 32-34 femoral pores (in
the males) continuous in the prseanal region. The fore limb reaches
to half the length of the snout, or the end of it, and the hind limb
is somewhat more than half the length of head and body. The
colour resembles Ixichhensis, there being five or six indistinct trans-
verse rows of dark brown spots on the upper side.

The abo^e description is that given by Stoliczka from specimens
obtained in the Punjab (Salt Eange and I'eferred by him to Eich-
wald's G. caspius. It appears certain, from recent remarks by
Strauch, that the Punjab form is not G. casjnus, but very probably
the Turkestan G. fcdtscJienl-ol, recently distinguished from
6r. caspius. However, neither Strauch nor I myself have been
fortunate enough to examine Punjab specimens.

52. Gymiiodactylus scaber.

Stenodactyliis scaber, Riipp. Atlas, Rept. p. 15, pi. iv, fig. 2.
Gymiiodactylus scaber, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. \, p. 27.

Head moderate ; snout slightly longer than the diameter of the
orbit, longer than the distance bet\Aeen the eye and the ear-open-
ing ; eye large, forehead very slightly concave; ear-opening rather
small, elliptical, vertical. Body moderate. Limbs long, the fore
limb reaching as far as the tip of the snout, the hind linil)
reaching articulation of neck ; digits long and slender, cylindrical
at the base, \\ith well-de\'eloped lamellaB below. Hnout covered
with large convex polygonal granules ; hinder part of head with
small granules intermixed w ith roundish tubercles : rostral
quadrangular, \^ith median cleft above ; nostril ])ierced between
the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals; ten upper and
eight or nine lower labials ; mental triangular or pentagonal, not
longer than broad ; t\^ o pairs of chin-shields, median largest and
forming a suture behind the point of the mental. Body covered
above with irregular small flat scales and large trihedi-al subtrian-
gular tubercles, forming 12 or 14 longitudinal series ; these tubercles
are not so large as in G./edtschejikoi, though, as in that species, much
larger than the interspaces between them, the diameter of the largest
not quite equal to half that of the eye ; they are strongly keeled.
Abdominal scales large, cycloid-hexagonal, imbricate, smooth, in
about 20 longitudinal series in the middle of the belly. Male
with five or six prteanal pores. Tail feebly depressed, tapering,
above with rows of large spinose trihedral tubercles, beneath

GTMNODACTYLUS. 63

with a median series of enlarged transverse plates. Sandy-coloured
above, brov\u-spotted ; tail with brown annuli ; lower surfaces
white.

From snout to vent 1"S5 inches; tail 2*3.

Hah. From Egypt southwards to Abyssinia and eastwards to
Afghanistan and Siud (Sukkur and Laki).

53. Gymnodactylus brevipes.

Gymnodactylus brevipes, Blanf. A. M. N. H. (4) xiii, 1874, p. 4o3,
and E. Persia, ii. p. 344, pi. xxii, fig. 2; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i,
p. 28.

Differs from G. scaher in the following points : — Limbs shorter ;
the fore limb reaches to bet\\"een the eye and the tip of the snout,
the hind limb to the shoulder. Dorsal tubercles small, nearly
equal to the small ear-opening in size, forming ten longitudinal
series. Nine upper and seven low er labials. Praeanal pores four.
The enlarged plates on the lower surface of the tail are about
equally long and broad, and many of them are divided into two.
Colour grey, with three rather imperfect longitudinal dusky bands
on the back, formed of arrow-head-shaped marks ; a dusky line,
not very strongly marked, from the eye to the shoulder.

Hah. Baluchistan. The only specimen known was obtained in
an open sandy plain, with scattered vegetation, not far from Bampur,
at an elevation of 3000 feet.

54. Gymnodactylus kachhensis.

Gymnodactvlus kacliheusis, Sfoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 79 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 82 ; Bouleiuj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 29.
Gymnoclactylus petrensis, Murray, Zoul. Siiid, p. 302, pi. — .fig. 1.

Allied to the preceding species. Body rather short ; fore limb
reaching as far as the tip of the snout or a little beyond, hind
limb to constriction of neck. Dorsal tubercles in 12 or 14
longitudinal series, smaller than those of G. scaher, similar in shape.
Abdominal scales in about 30 longitudinal rows. No regular series
of subcaudal plates. Prteanal pores four to six. Ten or eleven
upper and eight to ten lower labials. Ear-opening narrow, vertical.
Sandy-coloured above, with rather indistinct darker spots on body
and limbs and annuli on the tail.

From snout to vent 1*6 inches.

Hah. Cutch, Sind, and N.E. Baluchistan (Quetta). Common iu
Cutch, mostly in crevices of rocks, and very rarely in houses.

55. Gymnodactylus stoliczkae.

Gymnodactylus stoliczkte, Steind. Xovara, Pept. p. lo, pi. ii, tig. 2 ;

Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 31.
Cyi'todactylus yarkandensis, A)uJers. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 381, fig.

64 GECKONID^.

Head moderate, oviform, mucli depressed ; snout much longer
than the diameter of the orbit, sHghtly longer than the distance
between the eye and the ear-opening ; latter very small, suboval.
Limbs rather long ; digits long, slender, slightly depressed at the
base, inferiorly with well-developed lamelhe. Body much depressed.
Head and body covered with rather large, flat, round granules,
some of which are slightly enlarged and generally tubercular.
Eostral subpentagonal, \\ith median cleft above ; nostril between
the rostral, the tirst labial, and three nasals ; 10 upper and 9
lower labials ; mental large, triangular, a little longer than broad ;
two or three pairs of chin-shields, median laigest and forming a
short suture behind the mental. Abdominal scales moderate, sub-
hexagonal, slightly imbricate. No femoral or prteaual pores. Tail
swollen, depressed, about as long as head and body, ringed, with
three enlarged blunt tubercles at each side of the ring. Grey
above, with darker wavy cross bands on the back.

From snout to vent 1*6 inches.

Hah. Upper Indus valley in Ladiik.

56. Gymiiodactylus lawderauus.

Gymuodactylus lawderauus, StoUczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 105,
pi. ii, fig. 4 ; Theob. Cat. p. 81 ; Boulemj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 32.

Body rather slender and elongate, depressed, covered above with
numerous granules intermixed with small roundish tubercles.
Upper side of head equally granular, the granular scales being
somewhat larger on the snout. Eostral large, broad ; nostril pierced
between the rostral, the first labial, and two nasals ; 9 upper and
8 lower labials ; mental triangular, partially wedged in between
two elongate chin-shields, forming a suture below it ; each of the
chin-shields is followed along the labials by three other somewhat
rounded shields. Ear-opening small, rounded. Ventral scales
small. Two pairs of pra-anal pores in the male, close together,
and forming an angle. General colour above greyish brown, very
densely marbled and spotted with dark brown, with some indistinct
undulating, whitish cross bands on the body, margined on the
anterior edges with blackish brown ; a somewhat indistinct dark
band from the nostril through the eye to the ear ; front and hind
edges of the eye white ; labials spotted and speckled with brown ;
below whitish.

Length of body nearly 2 inches.

Hah. Almora, Kumaun.

57. Gymuodactylus nebulosus.

Gymuodactylus nebulosus, Bcddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sv. 1870;

Tlieob. Cut. p. 84 ; Boidencj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 34, pi. iv, fig. 1 .
Gymnodactylus speciosus, Bedd. I. c. ; Theob. I. c. p. 83.
Gymnodactylus collegalensis, Bedd. I. c. ; Theob. I. c.

Head rather large, oviform, generally very convex, sometimes

GTMNODACTYLUS. 65

more depressed ; snout longer than the diameter of the orbit or
the distance between the eye and the ear-opening ; forehead slightly-
concave; ear-opening elliptical, oblique, one third to one half the
diameter of the eye. Body rather short, not much depressed.
Limbs moderate ; digits short, thick, slightly depressed at the base,
compressed at the end, beneath with enlarged plates. Head
covered with granules, which are larger on the SJiout; rostral quad-
rangular, generally nearly twice as broad as deep ; nostril pierced
between the rostral, the first labial, aud several small scales ; 9
to 11 upper and 7 to 9 lower labials ; mental triangular ; a pair
of large chin-shields forming a suture behind the point of the
mental, surrounded by several smaller shields. Upper surface
of body covered with small granules, which are uniform or inter-
mixed with more or less numerous, irregularly scattered, small
roundish keeled tubercles. Abdominal scales small, cycloid, imbri-
cate, smooth. IS^o femoral or pra)anal pores. Tail cylindrical,
tapering, probably prehensile, covered with small imbricate smooth
scales, largest below. Pale brownish above, variously ornamented
with brown spots or cross bands becoming blackish towards their
borders and more or less distinctly finely margined with lighter ;
head marbled or elegantly marked with insuliform brown spots, with
a brown band passing through the eye ; lower surfaces whitish, the
throat reticulated with brown, which reticulation has a tendency to
form oblique lines.

From snout to vent 2 inches; tail 1"7.

Ilah. India south of 2U°, and Ceylon ; found in the daytime
under stones or dead trees, in forests.

58. Gymnodactylus jeyporensis.

Gyninodactyhi? jeyporensis, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 085 ; Boulcng,
^ Cat. Liz. \, p. .3tJ, pi. iv, tig. 2,

Head rather large, oviform ; snout longer than the diameter of
the orbit or the distance between the eye and the ear-opening ;
forehead and loreal region slightly concave; ear-opening an oblique
slit, three fifths the diameter of the eye. Body depressed, rather
short. Limbs moderate ; digits rather short, cylindrical in their
basal, compressed in their distal portion, with enlarged plates
beneath. Head covered with large subequal flat granules ; rostral
quadrangular, twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ;
nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals ;
10 upper and 7 lower labials ; mental triangular : a pair of large
chin-shields forming a suture behind the point of the mental, sur-
rounded by much smaller chin-shields. Body covered above with
uniform juxtaposed large squarish or hexagonal flat scales arranged
regularly like the bricks of a wall. Abdomiual scales smooth,
round, imbricate, not half the size of the dorsals. No enlarged
pnoanal or femoral scales or pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering,
sliglitly swollen, covered with uniform, rather large smooth scales,
which are imbricate beneath. Light yellowish brown above, with

r

66 GECKONIDiE.

large reddish-brown, black-edged spots arranged in pairs ; two
transverse spots on the nape, the posterior cresceut-shaped ; head
with small darker spots and a streak from the eye to the ear ; lips
and side of throat with small brown dots and marblings ; lower
surfaces brownish white.

From snout to vent 2 inches.

Hah. Patinghe Hill, Jeypore, near Yizaga[)atam, 4200 feet ; in
woods.

59. Gymnodactylus deccanensis.

Gymnodactyliis deccanensis, Giinth. Ilept. B. I. p. 115, pi. xii, fig. E ;
Theob. Cat. p. 81 ; Boulc7uj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 36.

Head rather large, oviform ; snout longer than the diameter of
the orbit or the distance between the eye and the ear-opening ; fore-
head and loreal region concave ; ear-opening suboval, vertical, about
one third the diameter of the eye. Body moderately elongate, de-
pressed. Limbs rather long ; digits moderately elongate, cylin-
drical in the basal, compressed in tlie distal portion ; the plates
under the basal phalanx very small, little larger than the surround-
ing tubercles. Head co\ ered with convex granules, largest on the
snout and temples ; rostral quadrangular, not quite twice as broad
as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between the
rostral, the first labial, and three 2iasals ; 9 to 11 upper and as
many lower labials ; mental triangular or pentagonal ; a pair of
large chin-shields, forming a long suture behind the point of the
mental, in contact externally and posteriorly with tuo smaller
pairs. Body covered above \\ith large juxtaposed subeqiial tubercles
arranged in more or less regular transverse series; these tubercles
flat or very slightly keeled, generally wdlh a small raised point in
the centre. Abdominal scales round, smooth, subimbricate, much
smaller than dorsals. Males with enlarged pra^anal and femoral
scales, but without pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered with
uniform smooth scales arranged in rings. Eeddish brown above,
with narrow white, black-edged cross bars ; the first semicircular,
extending from one eye to the other across the nape ; a second on
the scapular region, two on the body, and a fifth on the sacrum ;
similar bands forming annuli round the tail ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches ; tail 2*25.

Hah. Deccau (Bombay Presidency) ; also Matheran near Bombay.

60. Gymnodactylus albofasciatus.
Gymnodactylus albofasciatus, Bouleny. Cat, Liz, i, p. 37, pi. iv, fig. 3.

This species resembles O. deccanensis strikingly in size, propor-
tions, and colour, but is distinguished by the following characters : —
The dorsal pholidosis is not composed of uniform large tubercles,
but of intermixed smaller and larger tubercles, the latter being
mostly feebly keeled ; the small scales on the limbs and upper part

GYMNODACTTLUS. 67

of the tail iutermixed with lai-ger keeled tubercles. The ventral
scales are larger, tubercular, and feebly keeled. No chin-shields
behind the median pair. The tubercular plates under the basal
phalanx of all the digits much more developed. The ground-colour
of the upper parts darker than in G. deccanensis, chestnut-brown.
Rab. youth Canara ; plains and up to 5000 feet.

61. Gyinnodactylns oldhami.

Gymnodactvlus oldhami, Theob. Cat. p. 81 ; Boulcng. Cat. Liz. i,
p. 38.

Crown of head behind the eyes finely granular, the scales in
front being larger; 11 upper and 10 lower labials; three pairs of
chin-shields. Back granular, with about 30 longitudinal rows
of tubercles contained within an area bounded by faint keels
margining the belly. Enlarged pra\inal and femoral scales, but no
pores. Colour above vinous brown ; a white semicircular line
joins the superciliary ridges ; a second horseshoe-shaped white line
runs from the gape below the ear to the opposite side, enclosing a
nuchal collar ; behind the collar two closely approximated white
lines run along the spine, becoming soon broken into spots merely ;
on the sides are more white spots, teliding to forui three distinct
lines, the lowest of which coincides with the ventral keel : belly
whitish.

Bab. South Canara ; unknown to me.

62. Gymnodactylus triedrus.

Gymnodactylus triedrus, Giinth. liept. B. I. p. 113; llieob. Cat.

p. 85 ; Bunlvny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 38.
Geckoella punctata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 99, pi. ix ; Theob. Cat.

p. 96.

Head rather large, oviform ; snout longer than the diameter of
the eye, slightly longer than the distance between the eye and the
ear-opening; forehead concave; ear-opening small, suboval, hori-
zontal. Body and limbs moderate ; digits short, cylindrical in their
basal, compressed in their distal portion, with well-developed
tubercle-like plates interiorly. Head covered with small granules,
largest on the snout ; rostral quadrangular, not twice as broad as
deep ; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and
several small scales ; 10 or 11 upper and 9 lower labials ; mental
triangular ; two or three pairs of chin-shields, median largest and
formiug a long suture behind the point of the mental. Upper
surface of body covered with small granules intermixed with
numerous small trihedral tubercles. Abdominal scales rather
small, cycloid, imbricate, smooth. Males with 3 or 4 prseanal
pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, rather swollen, covered with
roundish smooth scales, which are small and subimbricate above,

f2

68 GECKONID^.

much larger and strongly imbricate beneath. Brown above with
small whitish spots ; lower surfaces light brown.

I'rom snout to vent 2-4 inches ; tail 2-1.

Hah. Ceylon.

63. Gymnodactylus frenatus.

Gymnodactylus frenatus, Giinth. Rcpt. B. I. p. 113, pi. xii, tig. I) ;
Theoh. Cat. p. 80 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 42.

Head large, depressed, oviform ; snout longer than the orbit,
the diameter of which equals the distance from orbit to ear-opening ;
forehead concave ; ear-opening suboval, oblique, nearly one third
the diameter of the eye. Body and limbs rather elongate. Digits
strong, distinctly depressed at the base, strongly compressed in the
remaining portion ; the basal phalanx with well-developed trans-
verse plates beneath. Head granular, the granules largest on the
snout ; a few scattered round tubercles on the temples ; rostral
subquadrangular, twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above,
and bordering on the nostril considerably ; latter pierced between
the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals ; 10 to 12 upper and
9 or 10 lower labials ; mental broadly triangular ; a pair of chin-
shields, forming a suture behind the mental ; a few small chin-
shields on each side of the median pair ; gular scales minutely
granular. Body covered above with flat granules intermixed with
irregularly scattered small round smooth tubercles. A slight fold
from axilla to groin. Abdominal scales rather small, cycloid,
imbricate. Males with two pairs of prseanal pores. Tail cylindrical,
tapering, covered above with small flat subquadrangular scales,
beneath with a median series of large transverse plates. Light
pinkish brown above, with five pairs of angular dark-brown spots
confluent into cross bands, the anterior, on the nape, uniting
with a dark-brown band extending to the eye, and continued, more
or less interruptedly, along the side of the body ; tail with dark-
brown annuli ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 3'2 inches ; tail 4"3.

Hah. Ceylon.

64. Gymnodactylus khasiensis.

Pentadactylus ? khasiensis, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 75,
Gymnodactylus khasiensis, Theob. Cat. p. 84 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i,
■p. 44.

Head large, nuch depressed, oviform ; snout longer than the
diameter of the orbit, which equals its distance from the ear-
opening ; forehead and loreal region concave ; ear-opening sub-
o\al, about one third the diameter of the eye. Body and limbs
rather elongate. Digits rather elongate, slightly depressed at the
base, strongly compressed in the remaining portion ; subdigital
lamellfe well-developed, the distal one of the basal portion largest
and nearly as long as broad. Head granular, the granules largest

GYMNODACTYLUS. 69

on the snout ; occiput and temples with scattered small round
tubercles ; rostral subquadrangular, uot twice as broad as deep,
with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral and
several small scales or granules ; 10 to 12 upper and as many
lower labials ; mental triangular ; one or two pairs of chin-shields,
the largest forming a suture behind the point of the mental ;
throat minutely granulate. Body and limbs covered above with
small granules intermixed with numerous small roundish, feebly
keeled, subtrihedral tubercles ; a slight fold from axilla to groin ;
ventral scales small (about 35 across the middle of the belly),
cycloid, imbricate. Male witiiout pubic groove or femoral pores,
with a series of 10 to 13 pra^anal pores forming a very open
angle. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered above with small Hat
granules, with a few scattered slightly enlarged tubercles, below
with small flat scales. Brown above, with darker angular spots,
forming more or less regular series along the back ; a dark streak
on the side of the head, passing through the eye ; tail with dark
annuli : lower surfaces brownish.

Prom snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 3-9.

Hab. Khasi Hills, S. of Assam.

65. Gymnodactylus rubidus.

Puellula rubida, Blyth, J. A.S.B. xxix, 18G0, p. 109 : Giinth. Sept

B. I. p. 118.
Gecko tigris, Tythr, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 54G.
Cyrtodactylus rubidus, Theoh. Cat. p. 93.
Gymnodactylus rubidus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. \, p. 45.

Closely allied to the preceding, but the digits are shorter, and
the subdigital lamella) much smaller, considerably narrower than
the digits. A longitiulinal groove on the pubic region, containing
a few pra;anal pores in the male.

Uab. Andaman Islands.

66. Gymnodactylus pulchellus.

Cyrtodactylus pulchellus, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, 1828, p. 224 ; id.

III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. Ixxiv.
Gymnodactylus pulchellus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 113; Bouleng. Cat.

Liz. i, p. 46.

Head large, much depressed, oviform : snout longer than the
orbit, the diameter of which equals its distance from the ear-opening;
forehead and loreal region concave ; ear-opening suboval, vertical,
slightly oblique, one third to two fifths the diameter of the eye.
Body and limbs rather elongate. Digits strong, slightly depressed
at the base, strongly compressed in the remaining portion ; the
basal phalanx with well-developed transverse plates beneath. Head
granular, with small round tubercles on the occipital and tem-
poral regions, the granules enlarged on the snout, except in the
frontal and loreal concavities. Eostral subquadrangular, nearly

70' GECKONID^.

twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above, and entering the
nostril to a considerable extent; the latter directed backward, pierced
between the rostral, the first labial, and three or four nasals ; 10
to 13 upper and 10 to 12 lower labials ; mental triangular ; two or
three pairs of chin-shields, median largest and in contact behind
the point of the mental ; throat minutely granulate. Body and
limbs above with small flat granules intei-mixed with small roundish,
keeled, subtrihedral tubercles ; a series of keeled tnbercles from
axilla to groin, limiting the abdominal region ; ventral scales cycloid,
imbricate, moderately large. Males with a longitudinal groove on
the pubic region containing two parallel series of prajanal pores,
forming a right angle with a long series of femoral pores ;
altogetlier IS to 20 pores on each side, 4 or 5 of which are in
the groove. Tail cylindrical, tapering, above with small flat scales
and annuli of feebly keeled tubercles, beneath x^ith a series of
large transverse plates. Light brown above, with broad chestnut-
brown, light-edged cross bands, which are narrower than the inter-
spaces between them ; the anterior horseshoe- shaped, from eye
to eye over the nape ; the second crescent-shaped, on scapular
region ; three others on the body ; tail with chestnut-brown
complete annuli ; lower surfaces dirty white,

From snout to vent 4 inches ; tail 5.

Hah. Malay Peninsula ; said to occur also in Bengal,

67, Gymnodactylus variegatus.

Naultinus variegatus, Blijth, J. A. S. B. xxviii, 18o9, p. 279.
Gymnodactylus variegatus, Gutith. Bept. B. I. p. 110 j Theoh. Cut.
p. 92 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 43.

Limbs and digits slender ; the basal joints not very distinct from
the distal ones, which are strongly compressed, and provided with
transverse imbricate plates below and a series of much smaller ones
on the compressed phalanges, llostral notched behind and grooved ;
nostril between the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals ; 10 or
11 upper and 11 lower labials ; mental partially wedged in between
two large chin-shields, \\hich form a broad suture with each other.
Body granular, with numerous large trihedral tubercles. 26 lon-
gitudhial rows of rather elongate leaf-like scales on the middle of
the belly, A fold of skin along the side, indicating «here the
abdominal scales terminate and the granules begin. 16 femoral
pores on each side along the whole length of the thigh. Tail cylin-
drical, the granules arranged in verticils, and the tubercles in rings ;
a series of enlarged subcaudals. Grey above, spotted and marbled
with black, set off with subdued white; a broad dark streak
bordered \Aitli whitish behind each eye, and continued irregularly
round the occii)ut ; tail irregularly banded above ; lower parts
whitish.

Total length about 6 inches, the tail measuring nearly half that
length.

Hah. Moulmein.

Both this and the following species arc unknow n to me.

AGAMURA.

71

QS. Gymnodactylus fasciolatus.

Naultiniis fasciolatus, BIyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 114.
GyruHodactylus fasciolatus, Giinih. Bept. B. I, p. 116 j Theoh. Cat.
p. 02 ; Boule7i(j. Cat. Liz. \, p. 44.

Differs from G. variegatns in the smaller ventral scales, which
form 30 longitudinal series in the middle of the belly, and in the
small number of prseanal pores, viz., 5 or 6 on each side, exten-
ding outwards in a line with the commencement of the thigh. A
dark-brown band, edged behind with white, from tlie eye to the
occiput, where it meets its fellow of the opposite side ; a brown
similarly white-edged baud on the nape, with seven cross bands
on the body ; tail cross-barred.

Eah. Subathu, near Simla, Western Himalayas.

Genus AGAMURA,
Blanford, A. M. N. H. (4) xiii, 1874, p. 455.

Digits slender, clawed, cylindrical at the base ; the distal pha-
langes compressed, forming an angle with the basal portion of
the digits ; the claw between two enlarged scales; digits beneath
M'ith a vow of phites. Body covered with small granules inter-
mixed with enlarged tubercles. Tail very slender, not fragile.
Pupil vertical. Males with or without praeanal pores.

Distribution. Persia, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan. Two species
are known, one of vhich inhabits Baluchistan.

69. Againura cruralis.

Agamura cruralis, ^/aw/. ^. M. N. H. (4) xiii, 1874, p. 455; id.
Eastern Persia, ii, p. .')56, pi. xxiii, fig. 3 ; Bouhny. Cat. Liz. i
p. 50.

-^

, iS*-""^

/ i

Fig. 23. — Agamura cruralis.
Head short, feebly depressed ; snout as long as, or slightly longer

72 GECKONIDiE.

than, the diameter of the orbit, or the distance between the eye and
the ear-opening ; eye large ; forehead not concave ; ear-opening
subelliptical, vertical, one third or two fifths the diameter of the
eye. Body feebly depressed, rather short. Limbs very long and
slender ; the hind limb if carried forward reaches the eye ; the fore
limb being stretched forward, the wrist attains the tip of the snout
or slightly beyond; digits long and slender, unequal. Head
covered with flat granules, largest on the snout ; rostral broader
than deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between the
rostral, the first labial, and three rather swollen nasals; 13 or 14
upper and 10 or 11 lower labials ; mental elongately trapezoidal, twice
as long as broad ; no chiu-shields. Body covered above with small,
rather irregular, flat granules, intermixed with rather numerous
scattered round flat tubercles. Ventral scales small, roundish-
hexagonal, juxtaposed or subimbricate, smooth. Male with two
pra?anal pores. Tail A'ery thin and rounded, of nearly the same
thickness to the end, covered above with smooth imbricate elongate
squarish scales, beneath with a row of larger plates. Greyish
brown or sandy above, more or less dotted with darker, especially
on the sides of the head and neck ; usually a dark cross band on
the back of the neck and four or five others on the back. Lower
surfaces white ; throat more or less brown dotted.

From snout to vent 2*5 inches ; tail 2*7.

Hab. Baluchistan ; in barren stony plains up to 3000 feet.

Genus PRISTURUS,
Rlippell, N. Wirbelth. Abyss., Kept. p. 16, 1835.

Digits slender, clawed, cylindrical at the base : the distal pha-
langes compressed, forming an angle ^ith the basal portion of the
digits, the lower surface of which has a row of plates. Body not
depressed, covered with uniform granides. Tail compressed,
keeled. Pupil circular; eyelid distinct all round the eye. No
prfcanal or femoral pores.

A genus of diurnal Geckos, comprising 6 species, inhabiting the
shores and Islands of the Eed Sea and the Persian Gulf. The
following species has recently been added to the fauna of Sind by
J. A. Murray.

70. Pristurus rupestris.

Pristurus rupestris, Blcmford, A. M. N. II. (4) xiii, 1874, p. 454 ;
id. Eastern Persia, \i, p. 350, pi. xxiii, fig. 1 ; Murray, Zool. Sind,
p. 365, pi. — , fig-. 1 ; Botdeny. Cat. Liz. p. 53.

Head short and high; snout acuminate, 1| to 1| diameter of
orbit ; forehead scarcely concave ; ear-opening oval, oblique, about
one third the diameter of the orbit. Limbs loug, the hind limb
when stretched forwards reaching the ear-opening or between
the shoulder and the ear-opening ; digits long and slender. Snout

GONATODES. 73

covered with polygonal convex scales ; the remainder of the head,
the body, and the limbs covered with small grannies ; those on the
belly larger, though smaller than the scales on the snout. Eostral
more than t\^ice as broad as deep, with median clefb above ; nostril
pierced between the rostral and two or three nasals ; 7 or 8 upper
and 5 or 6 lower labials ; mental very large, truncate posteriorly ;
no regular chin-shields. Tad longer than head and body, slender,
strongly compressed, keeled abo\"e and beneath ; the two keels
denticulate, the upper most strongly, especially in males, in which
it forms a regular crest, which, however, never extends to the
body. Grey-brown or oli\e above, clouded with, darker, and
frequently with round lighter spots ; a dark streak passing through
the eye ; small bright red dots may be present on the sides of the
body ; sometimes a light reddish vertebral band.

From snout to vent 1'25 inches ; tail 2-1.

Ilab. Sind (Karachi), according to Murray ; also islands in
Persian Gulf, Muscat, and Socotra.

Genus GONATODES,
Fitzing. Syst. Kept. p. 91, 1843.

Digits slender, clawed, cylindrical or depressed at the base (in
one species dilated); the distal phalanges compressed, forming an
angle with the basal portion of the digits, the lower surface of
which has a row of plates. Body more or less depressed, granular
or tubercular above. Tail not compressed. Pupil cu'cular ;
oyelid distinct all round the eye. Males with or \^itliout praeanal
or femoral pores.

Of the IS species of this genus, 6 occur in Tropical America, 2
in the Malay subregion, the rest in India and Ceylon. Diurnal.

Si/nopsis of Indian and Ceylonese Species.

A. Difrits not dilated.

a. Flanks without spiue-like projecting tuber-
cles.
a . Males with femoral pores, without prpe-
anal pores.
a". Back witli uniform keeled granules ;

4 or 5 pores on each side G. indicus, p. 74.

h". Back witli uniform or heterogenous
round granules, eacli with a raised
central point or short keel ; 4 to 6

pores on each ^ide G. wynadensis, p. 7.5.

c". Back with uniform round granules ;

8 pores on each side G. siKparensis, p. 75.

h'. Males without femoral pores, with prse-

aual pores.

a". Back with small smooth granules

irregularly intermixed with small

smooth or slightly keeled tubercles ;

ventral scales smooth ; G to 9 pores. G. ornatus, p. 75.

74 OECKONID.E.

h". Back with small granules irreoulfirly

intermixed with slip;htly larger ones,

all with a central raised point or

short keel ; ventral scales keeled ;

C to 8 pores G. mannoratus, p. 7G.

c'. Males with prajanal and femoral pores.
a". Back with small strongly keeled

tubercles, and scattered enlarged

ones on the flanks ; 2 or 3 prasanal,

and on each side -3 or 4 femoral pores. G. mysoriensis. p. 77.
h. Flanks with small spine-like projecting
tubercles.
a". Scales under the neck keeled ; tail

with rings of spine-like tubercles ;

3 or 4 prseaual, and on each side 3

to 5 femoral pores G. kandianus, p. 77.

b" . Scales under the neck smooth ; tail

with rings of spine-like tubercles ;

2 to 4 pr;eanal, and on each side 3

to 5 femoral pores G. (/racilis, p. 78.

c" . No enlarged tubercles on the back ;

no rings of spines on the tail ; no

prfBanal pores ; 5 to 12 femoral pores

on each side G. jerdonii, p. 78.

B. Digits dilated at the base, with large plates

beneath G. littoralis, p. 79.

71 . Gonatodes indicus.

Goniodactylus indicus, Gray, A. 31. N. H. xviii, 184G, p. 429.
Gvmnodactvlus indicus, Gunth. Bept. B. I. p. 115; Theoh. Cat.

p. 85.
Gonatodes indicus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. M, pi. vi, fig. 1.

Head short ; snout obtusely pointed, slightly longer than the
distance between th(> eye and the ear-opening, li| diameter of orbit ;
forehead not concave ; ear-opening very small, round. Body and
limbs moderate ; the hind limb scarcely reaching the axilla. Digits
moderately slender ; the basal joint not dilated, scarcely wider tlian
the distal joints, with larger subequal plates beneath. Upper sur-
faces covered with uniform strongly keeled granules, which are larger
on the back than on the snout. Eostral subquadrangular, twice
as broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between
the rostral and three nasals ; 7 or 8 upper and 5 or 6 lower labials ;
mental large, broad, subtriangular or pentagonal, with truncated
posterior angle ; small chin-shields passing gradually into the gular
granules. Ventral scales hexagonal, imbricate, smooth or feebly
keeled. Males with 4 or 5 femoral pores on each side. Tail
cylindrical, tapering, covered above with uniform small keeled scales,
below with larger scales, those of the median series being slightly
enlarged. Brown above, marbled witli darlver and lighter ; some-
times a light vertebral line ; brownish white beneath, the throat
frequently brown, or brown-marbled.

From snout to veut 1"C inches; tail 1'8.

Hah. Nilgiris.

GONATODES. 75

72. Gonatodes wynadensis.

Gvuinodactvlus wyiiaadensis, Beddome, Madras Joimi. Med. Sc. 1870 ;

^'fheob. Cai. p. 87.
Gonatodes wynadensis, Bonlemj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 65, pi. vi, fig. 2,

Habit of G. indicus. The basal part o£ the digits beneath with
very small scales, the two distal scales only being a little enlarged
and plate-like. Head cov^ered with very small granules, which are
keeled on the snout. Upper surface of body with laraie round
granules, each with a raised central point or short keel, largest on
the sides ; these tubercles are either homogeneous or intermixed
with much smaller ones, and as there occur specimens which are
intermediate in this respect, no great importance can be attached
to this difference. Abdominal scales smooth. 6 upper and 7
or 8 lower labials. Male with 4 or 5 femoral pores on each side.
Tail general!}' with a median series of transversely dilated plates
below. Brown above, marbled with darker and lighter; the
median dorsal line sometimes lighter, dark-bordered ; below
brownish, the throat brown-marbled ; tail beneath dark brow n,
usually lighter spotted.

From snout to vent 1"6 inches ; tail 1"8.

Ilab. Wynaad and hill-ranges further south, in moist forests.

73. Gonatodes sisparensis.

Gymnodactvlus maculatus (;non Steind.), Beddoine, Madras Jmirn.

'Med. -Sp.'1870.
Gymuodiictvliis sisparensis, Theoh. Cat. p. 86.
Gouatodes sirtparensis, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 66.

Closely allied to G. ivijnadensls, but the digits nuu-h more
elongate. 8 femoral poi*es on each side. Dorsal tubercles homo-
geneous. Brown, with regular transverse dark bands across the
body and tail.

From snout to vent 2-4 inches.

Hah. Sispara Ghat, Nilgiri hills.

74. Gonatodes ornatus.

Gvmnodactvlus ornatus, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870 ;

'T/ieob. Cat. p. 83.
Gonatodes ornatus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i. p. 66, pi. vi, fig. 3.

Head rather elongate ; snout acuminate, longer than the distance
between the eye and the ear-opening, l| to l§ diameter of orbit ;
forehead feebly concave ; ear-opening small, vertically oval. Body
moderate, limbs rather slender ; the hind limb reaching the shoulder
or a little beyond. Digits elongate, slender ; the basal part not
dilated, scarcely wider than the distal, beneath with very small
])lates and a large discoid one vnider the articulation. Snout covered
with keeled granules ; hinder part of head with uniform minute
granules. Rostral four-sided, twice as broad as deep, with median

76 GECKONID^.

cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral and three nasals ;
6 to 9 upper and 7 cr 8 lower labials ; mental large, triangular or
pentagonal, its posterior angle truncated and in contact with a small
median chin-shield ; two pairs of larger chin-shields. Upper
surface of body covered with ^mall smooth granules, irregularly
intermixed with small round convex, sometimes slightly keeled,
tubercles. Abdominal scales small, round, imbricate, smooth.
Males with 6 to 9 pr«anal pores forming an angular line. Tail
cylindrical, slender in its distal half, covered above Avith small
smooth scales, in its anterior portion with semiannuli of pointed
keeled tubercles ; inferiorly with large smooth scales, the median
series being a little enlarged. Brown above, with blackish and
whitish markings ; head usually with black and white augular
lines ; generally a black and v\hite band across the neck and a
\\ hite black-edged ocellus in front of the arm ; tail with complete
black and white anuuli ; lower surface brownish, the lower lip
brown-edged.

From snout to vent 2-15 inches ; tail 2'4.

Hah. Tinnevelly and Travancore; under rocks, in dry jungles.

75. Gonatodes marmoratus.

Gymnodactylus marmoratus (wo?i D. ^- B.), Beddvme, Madras Jovrn.

Med. Sc. 1870.
Gymnodactylus beddomei, Theoh. Cat. p. 88.
Gonatodes marmoratus, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. i, p. G7, pi. vi, fig. 4.

Head rather elongate ; snout acuminafe, longer than the distance
between the eye and the ear-opening, 1| to 1| the diameter of
orbit ; forehead feebly concave ; ear-opening small, vertically oval.
Body moderate, limbs rather slender ; the hind limb reaching the
shoulder or a little beyond. Digits elongate, slender ; the basal
part not dilated, scarcely wider than the distal, beneath with
regular plates, that under the articulation being large and discoid.
Head covered \\\i\\ small granules, largest and keeled on the
snout. Eostral four-sided, twice as broad as deep, with median
cleft above ; nostril pierced betv\ een the rostral and three nasals :
6 to 8 upper and as many lower labials ; mental large, triangular
or pentagonal, its posterior angle truncated ; chin-shields ^'ery
small. Upper surface of body covered with small granules, ir-
regularly intermixed with slightly larger ones ; all tliese tubercles
with a central raised point or a short keel. Abdominal scales very
small, juxtaposed, convex, keeled. Males with 6 to 8 pra^anal
pores. Tail cybndrical, tapering, covered above with uniform, small,
feebly keeled scales, below with larger smooth scales, those of the
median series sometimes a little enlarged. Brown above, clouded
with darker and lighter markings ; tail with ill-defined darker and
lighter annuli ; the lower lip edged with dark brown ; another
dark brow n streak, parallel to the latter, on each side of the throat.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 1"9.

Hah. Travancore, Wynaad, Tinnevelly, 3000 to 5000 feet.

GONATODES. 77

76. Gonatodes mysoriensis.

Gyinaodactylus mysoriensis, Jerclon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 469 ;

Gimth. Rept. B.'l. p. lU ; Theoh. Cut. p. 90.
Gonatodes mysoriensis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 68.

Head short ; snout obtusely pointed, longer than the distance
between the eye and the ear-opening, 1| the diameter of the orbit ;
forehead not concave ; ear-opening very small, oval. Body and
limbs moderate ; the hind limb not reaching beyond the axilla.
Digits slender but rather short, the basal part not dilated, and with
siuall plates beneath. Upper surface covered with small strongly
keeled tubercles, smallest on the hinder part of the head, largest
on the sides of the body, where they are intermixed with irregularly
scattered tubercles, differing only in size from the granules of the
back. Rostral quadrangular, nearly twice as broad as deep, with
median cleft and emargination above ; nostril pierced between the
rostral and three nasals ; 6 or 7 upper and 7 or S lower labials ;
mental large, broadly triangular, its ])osterior angle truncated ;
small chiu-shields passing gradually into the rather large, flat, gular
granules. Abdominal scales modera* e, hexagonal, imbricate, smooth.
Males with 2 or 3 prseanal, and on each side 3 or 4 femoral pores.
Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered above with small keeled scales and
large pointed keeled tubercles in six longitudinal series, below
with larger smooth scales, those of the median series slightly en-
larged. Brown above, fi'equently with a light \ei'tebral band and
a series of dark brown marks on the back ; digits very conspicuously
dark-barred ; lower surface whitish, throat sometimes brown-
nuirbled.

From snout to vent 1 inch ; tail I'o.

Hah. Mysore and Shervaroy hills.

77. Gonatodes kandianiis.

Gymnodactyhis kandianus, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 186 ; Gitnth. Rept. B.

7. p. 114- Theoh. Cat. p. Si:S.
? Gymnodactylus wicksii, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1873, pt. 2,

p. 165; Theob. Cut. p. 91.
? Gymnodactyhis humei, Theob. Cat. p. 89.
Gonatodes kandianus, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 68.

Head rather elongate ; snout obtusely pointed, longer than the
distance between the eye and the ear-opening, 1| the diameter
of the orbit ; forehead not concave ; ear-opening small, oval.
Body and limbs rather slender ; the hind limb reaching the
axilla or the shoulder. Digits slender, the basal part not dilated,
scarcely wider than the distal, and with enlarged plates beneath.
Snout covered with suboval keeled granules ; the rest of the
head minutely granulate ; rostral twice as broad as deep, with
median emargination and cleft above ; nostril pierced between
the rostral and three or four nasals ; 7 or 8 upper and as many

78 GECKONIDiE.

lower labials ; mental large, triangular, with truncated posterior
angle; numerous small cbin-sliields passing gradually into the
gular granules, which are feebly keeled. Upper surface of body
covered with gmall, more or less distinctly keeled granules, inter-
mixed with irregularly scattered small keeled tubercles; flanks with
small, widely separated, spine-like tubercles. Scales on the limbs
keeled. Ventral scales cycloid, imbricate, those under the neck
keeled, the others smooth (or keeled in the var. tropido<iaster).
Males with 3 or 4 prteaual, and on each side 8 to 5 femoral
pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, above with Aery small keeled
scales and annuli of spine-like tubercles, beneath with larger
scales, but no transversely dilated median plates. Brown
above, variegated with darker and lighter, these variegations
generally forming transverse markings on the back and tail; some-
times a light vertebral band ; the spine-like tubercles on the
flanks white; lower surfaces light brown or dirty white, the throat
sometimes blackish.

From snout to vent 1-4 inches; tail 1"5.

Hah. Ceylon, Southern India ; abnndant in houses in Kandy.
G. ivicJcsii is from Preparis Island.

78. Gonatodes gracilis.

? Gymnodactylus nialabaricus, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 469 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 90.
Gymnodactylus gracilis, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870;

Theob. Cat. p. 87.
Gonatodes g-racilis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 70, pi. vi, fig. 5.

Closely allied to G. I'cmdianus, from which it differs in the
following points : — The gular granules are larger, flat, smooth ; so
are also the ventral scales ; the mental is very seldom truncated
posteriorly, and the median chin-shields form a sutux'e behind its
point. Males with 2 or 4 jwa'aual, and on each side 3 to 5
femoral pores. Grey-brown above, with darker and lighter spots ;
usually a median row of light blotches on the centre of the back ;
temples and sides of neck and throat with oblique dark brown
lines ; tail with blackish semiannuli ; digits conspicuously blackish-
barred ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 1*25 inches ; tail 1*7.

Hub. Southern India, Ceylon ; in forests.

79. Gonatodes jerdonii.

Gymnodactylus jerdonii, TlicuJiald, dd. Bept. As. Soc. Mus. p. 31 ;

id. Cat. p! 89.
Gonatodes jerdonii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 71.

In habit similar to G. Tcandianus and </raciIis. Digits not
dilated, but with rather large plates under the basal part, the most
distal of these plates being the largest and longitudinally oval in

GONATODES. 79

shape. Upper surface covered with uniform small granules,
smooth on the back, a little larger and keeled on. the snout; a few
erect spine-like tubercles on the flanks, liostral four-sided, nearly
t\\ ice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced
between the rostral and three nasals ; 8 to 10 upper and 7 or 8
lower labials ; mental large, triangular or pentagonal ; small chin-
shields passing gradually into the granules of the throat, which are
rather large, flat and suiooth. Ventral scales hexagonal, imbricate,
smooth. Mule with 5 to 12 femoral pores on each side; no
pra-anal pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered with small
smooth scales, in its basal half with a few scattered larger tubei'cles ;
median series of subcaudals enlarged. Grey-broun above, clouded
w ith darker ; the small lateral spines white : sometimes a black
cervical spot ; whitish beneath, the throat sometimes brown-
dotted.

From snout to vent TGo inches.

Hah. Ceylon, 8outhera India (Lamparis Peak, 5000 feet).

80. Gonatodes littoralis.

Gynmodactvlus littoralis, Jcrdun, J. A. >S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 469 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 00.
Gyiunodactylus planipes, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870

Tlicob. Cat. p. 87.
Gonatodes littoralis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 71, j)!. \i, tig. G.

Habit very slender. Head long ; snout pointed, much longer
than the distance between the eye and the ear-opening, 1| to 1|
diameter of orbit ; forehead very slightly conca\e ; ear-opening
small, oval, vertical. The hind limb does not reach beyond axilla.
Digits strongly dilated at the base, with large plates beneath ;
the distal plate is the largest, longer than broad, truncated an-
teriorly. Upper surface covered with equal smooth granules,
minute on the back, much larger on the snout; a few very small
subconical tubercles are scattered on the flanks. Eostral large,
quadrangular, twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ;
nostril pierced between the rostral and three nasals; 8 to 10
upper and 6 to 8 lower labials ; mental large, broadly trian-
gular, its posterior angle truncated ; small chin-shields passing
gradually into the small smooth gular granules. Ventral scales
hexagonal, imbricate, smooth. Males with J6 to 18 femoral pores
on each side ; no prseanal pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, above
with uniform sn)all smooth scales, beneath with a median series of
transversely dilated plates. Grey-brown above, generally with a
row of lighter dark-edged spots along the back, and a black spot
on the nape; nearly always a black line bordering the lower lip,
and extending as far as the ear ; lower surfaces w hitish.

From snout to vent 1*35 inches ; tail 1-4.

Hab. Malabar; Nilambiir and Nellakota, on the west side of
the Nilgiris ; found on trees in dry teak-forests. Jerdon's type
specimen was obtained in a warehouse on the sea-coast.

80

GECKONID^.

Genus CALODACTYLUS,

Becldome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870, p. 30.

Digits sleDcler at the base, free, with squarish scales beneath,
with large trapezoidal penultimate and distal expansions, the lower
surface of each of which is covered by two large plates separated
by a longitudinal groove ; all the digits clawed, the claw retractile
between the distal plates ; in the inner digit the penultimate
expansion is absent. Body co\ered above with small granular
scales, intermixed with larger tubercles; abdominal scales juxta-
posed. Pupil vertical. No pra'anal or femoral pores.

Southern India.

Fig. 24. — Foot of Calodadylus aureus : a, upper ; b, lower surface.

81. Calodactylus aureus.

Calodactylus aureus, Bedtl. Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870, p. oO,
pi. ii. ; Theoh. Cat. p. 74 ; Boulewj. Cat. Lh. i, p. 108.

Head large, oviform, very distinct from neck ; a strong rounded
supraorbital and cauthal ridge ; five deep concavities, viz. a frontal,
two postnasals, and two loreals ; snout longer than the distance
between the eye and the ear-opening, \\ the diameter of the
orbit; ear-opening vertical, measuring half the diameter of the eye.
Body not much depressed. Limbs long, slender. The width of
the digital expansion measures about half the diameter of the eye.
Head covered with very small granules, largest on the cauthal
ridges; rostral four-sided, twice as broad as high, its posterior
border concave ; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first
labial, and three nasals, the anterior large and in contact with its
fellow ; 12 or 13 upper and as many lower labials ; mental as
large as the adjacent labials, or smaller than them ; no I'egular
chin-shields, but suiall i^ol^^gonal scales passing gradually into
the granules which cover the gular region. Upper surface
covered with minute granules ; back with scattered, scarcely pro-
minent, smooth, round, lai-ger tubercles, hardly as large as the
ventral scales ; the latter Hat, smooth, squarish, juxtaposed,

PTYODACTTLUS.

81

arranged like the bricks of a walk Tail long, cylindinoal, remark-
ably slender, covered with squarish scales which are much larger
beneath. Brownish white above (golden during life), dotted or
vermiculated with brown ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 3'5 inches ; tail 3*2.

Hah. Amongst rocks iu dark shady ravines on the Tirupati
Hills in North Areot.

Genus PTYODACTYLUS,
Gray, Anu. Phil. (2) x. 1825, p. 198.

Digits slender, free, with a series of transverse plates below,
the extremity strongly dilated, with two diverging series of lamellae
beneath ; every digit armed with a claw retractile in the anterior
notch of the distal expansion. Body covered above \\\i\\ small
granular scales, uniform or intermixed with enlarged tubercles ;
abdominal scales scarcely imbricate. Pupil vertical. No prseaual
or femoral pores.

Sic

Fig. 25. — Foot of Vtijodactylus homolcpis, lower surface.

Of the two species of this genus, one inhabits the arid districts
of North Africa, Arabia, and Syria, the other Siud.

82. Ptyodactylus homolepis.

Ptyodactylus homolepis, Blunford, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, pt. 2, p. 19,
pi. ii ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 358 ; Boulem/. Cat. Liz. i, p. 111.

Head large, very distinct from neck ; snout slightly longer than
the distance between the eye and the ear-opening ; forehead con-
cave ; ear-opening vertical, subcrescentic. Limbs long and thin.
Upper parts covered \^ith small uniform granules, smallest on the
back of the head and neck. Nostril pierced between three scales,
forming a swelling; rostral six-sided; 14 or 15 upper and as
many lower labials ; mental small ; a row of small chin-shields.
Ventral scales small, smooth ; larger scales on the pubic i-egion.
Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered above with uniform small
granules, beneath with larger flat scales. Light brownish grey
above, with broad transverse ^^•avy bands of lighter and darker
shades ; white beneath.

From snout to vent -1 inches ; tail 3*4.

Hah. Sind (Khirthar range, Shikarpur district).

G

82

GECKONID^.

Genus HEMIDACTYLUS,

Gmy, Auu. Phil. (2) x. 1825, p. 199.

Digits free or more or less webbed, dilated, beneath with two
ro\AS of lamellae ; all the digits provided with slender distal clawed
joints angularly bent and rising from within the extremity of the

a

Fig. 26. — Foot of Hcmidacti/lus coctai.
a. Upper surface, b. Lower surface.

dilated portiou. Dorsal lepidosis uniform or heterogeneous. Pupil
vertical. Males with prseanal or femoral pores.

Distrihution. Southern Europe ; Southern Asia ; Africa; Tropical
America; Polynesia. 30 species are known.

H. nficiilatns, p. 84.

Syno2'>sis of Indian^ Cei/lonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Slender compressed joint of inner digit very

short, not half as long as dilated basal
portiou ; 4 to 6 lamellas under inner, and
7 to 10 under median toe *.
u. Dorsal granules intermixed with nume-
rous small, roundish, keeled tubercles . .

b. Dorsal granules intermixed with longi-

tudinally oval or elliptical, strongly

keeled tubercles H. (/fftcilis, p. 84.

c. Dorsal granules uniform, or with scattered

small, round, convex tubercles H.frenatus, p. 85.

B. Slender compressed joint of inner digit at
least half as long as dilated portion.

^ " dorsal tubercles strongly

keeled.

a. Enlarged

* The infradigital lamellae are counted longitudinally, those which are
divided on the median line being reckoned as one. See fig. 26, above, which
represents a foot with 8 lumellaj under the inner, and 11 under the median toe.

HEMlDACTTLrS. 83

a'. Lamellae not exceeding 8 under inner
and 11 under median toe.
a". Digits free.

a. 4 to 6 lamellae under inner, and 7

or 8 under median toe ; dorsal tuber-
cles in 16 to 20 longitudinal series ;

male with 8 to 12 femoro-praeanal

pores on each side K. gleachvii, p. 86.

/3. 6 to 8 lamella? under inner, and 9

to 11 under median toe ; tubercles in

14 or 16 longitudinal series ; male

with 2 to 5 praeanal pores on each

side H. furcicus, p. 87.

y. 6 or 7 lamellfe under the inner, and

8 to 10 under the median toe ; tuber-
cles in 16 to 20 longitudinal series ;

male with to 8 pores on each side. H. triednis, p. 89.
b" , Digits webbed at base; tail depressed,
flat below, with sharp denticulated

lateral edge H. depressiis, p. 90.

b' . Lamella) more than 8 under inner, and

more than 11 under median toe.

a". Infradigital lamellre obliquely

carved ; dorsal tubercles in 14 to 16

longitudinal series ; male with a

few (8) praeanal pores H. persicus, p. 88.

b" . Infradigital lamellse straight, trans-
verse ; dorsal tubercles in about 20
longitudinal series; male with 19 to

25 femoral pores on each side .... H. maculatus, p. 88.
c". Infradigital lamelloe slightly oblique ;
dorsal tubercles in 18 or 20 longitu-
dinal series H. suhtriedrus, p. 90.

b. Enlarged dorsal tubercles, if present, small,
smooth, conical, or very feebly keeled.
a' . Digits free or very slightly webbed at
base.
a". Tail with enlarged tubercles above.
a. 9 to 11 lamellfe under median toe,
and 6 or 7 under inner ; male
with 12 to 16 femoral pores on each

side H. lesckenaulfii, p. 91.

j3. 11 to 13 lamellte under median toe,
and 8 to 10 under inner; male with
o or 6 femoral pores on each side . . H. cocUei^ p. 92.
//'. Tail transversely oval or ellliptical
in section, with uniform small
scales above,
a. Infradigital lamellae straight, trans-
verse, 11 or 12 under the inner, and
13 to 15 under the median toe ... . H. giganteus, p. 92.
/3. Infradigital lamellae obUquely
curved, 5 to 7 under the inner, and

9 or 10 under the median toe .... II. buwn'ngit) p. 93.
c". Tail flat beneath, with sharpish,

denticulated lateral edge, covered
above with uniform small scales.

g2

'84 GECKOXIDiE.

f(. Back ^Yitll numerous small convex

tubercles , II. karenonuii, p. 98.

/3. Back uniformh' granular //. (/anioti, p. 94.

h' . Digits nearly half-webbed ; a much de-
A'eloped cutaneous expansion from
axilla to groin H. platyurus, p. 95.

83. Hemidactylus reticulatus.

Heniidactylus reticulatus, Beddoine, Madr. Jourii. Med. iSc. 1870;
Boulencj. Cat. Liz. \, p. 118, pi. xi, tig. 2.

Head short, oviform, very convex ; snout a little longer than the
distance between the eye and the ear-opening and than the diameter
of the orbit ; forehead not concave; ear-opening small, roundish.
Body and limbs short. Digits short, free, v.'ith very short: distal
joints, moderately dilated ; 5 or G lamella) under the inner digits,
7 or 8 under the fourth finger, and 8 or 9 under the fourth toe.
Snout covered with keeled granules ; the rest of the head with
smaller grannies intermixed with round tubercles. Eostral four-
sided, not twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril
pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and three or four nasals ;
9 or 10 upper and 7 to 9 lower labials : mental large, triangular or
pentagonal ; four chin-shields, inner pair largest and in contact
behind the point of the mental. Body covered above with coarse
granules intermixed with numerous irregularly arranged, small,
round, keeled tubercles. Abdominal scales rather small, cycloid,
imbricate, smooth. Male with 6 to 9 ])r?eanal pores forming an
angular series. Tail cylindrical, taparing, covered above with
small granular scales and rings of six or eight large conical
tubercles, beneath with uniform small imbricated scales. Brown
above, with a network of darker lines ; many of the tubercles
whitish ; lower surfaces whitish, the throat sometimes vermiculated
with brown.

From snout to vent l'o5 inches.

Hah. Southern India (Colegal, Shevaroys).

84. Hemidactylus gracilis.

Hemidactvlus gracilis, lilanfard, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2,
p. 362, pi. xvi, figs. 4-G ; 'Thcoh. Cat. p. 7G ; Boidemj. Cat. Lk. i,
p. 119.

Head uari'ow, elongate ; snout a little longer than the distance
between the eye and the ear-opening, Ig or 1|- the diameter of
the orbit ; forehead not concave ; ear-opening small, roundish.
Body and limbs sleiuh^r, feebly depressed. Digits free, very feebly
dilated, inner well developed; the distal joint short; 5 lamella}
under the inner digit, 7 under the fourth finger, and 9 under the
fourth toe. Snout with rather large polygonal rugose scales ;
hinder part of head with small granules. Kostral four-sided, not
twice as broad as deep, ^ifh median cleft above; nostril pierced

HEMIDACTTLTJS. 85

between the rostral and four nasals ; 9 upper and 7 lower labials ;
mental large, triangular, more than twice as long as the adjacent
labials ; four large chin-shields, inner pair in contact behind the
point of the mental. Body covered above with coarse granules
intermixed with oval, subtrihedral, strongly keeled tubercles ar-
ranged in about twelve irregular longitudinal series. Abdominal
scales large, cycloid, imbricate, smooth. Male with 6 prreanal
pores forming an angular series. Tail round, but slightly de-
pressed at the base and not at all further back, tapering, without
any enlarged or spinose tubercles wliatever. G-rey above, with
subquadrangular black spots arranged in longitudinal series, con-
fluent into lines on the rachis and sides ; a blaclv streak white-edged
above on the side of the head, passing through the eye ; whitish
beneath, with or without longitudinal grey lines.

From snout to vent 1*4 inches.

llah. South-east Berar and Eaipur, Central Provinces.

85. Hemidactylus frenatus.

Ilfniidactvhis frenatus, Z>k;/?. Sf Bibr. JErp. rrV'?(.iii, p. 300; Kclaart,
Prodi: p. 161 ; Giinth. liept. B. I. p. 108; riieoh. Cat. p. 78;
Boideng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 120.

? Hemidactylus punctatiis, Jcrdou, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 407.

Gecko cliaus et caracal, Tytlcr, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1804, p. 547.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
opening, Ig to 1^ the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave;
ear-opening small, roundish. Body and limbs moderate. Digits
moderately dilated, free, inner with sessile claw ; 4 or 5 lamella)
under the inner digits, 7 or 8 (seldom 9) under the fourth linger,
and 9 or 10 under the fourth toe. Upper surfaces covered with
small granules, largest on the snout ; on the back these granules
are intermixed with more or less numerous irregularly scattered
round convex tubercles always uuich smaller than the ear-opening,
sometimes almost entirely absent. Rostral four-sided, nearly
twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced
between the rostral, the lirst labial, and three nasals ; 10 to 12
upper and 8 to 10 lower labials ; mental large, triangular or pen-
tagonal ; two or three pairs of chin-shields, the median in contact
behind the point of the mental. Abdominal scales moderate,
cycloid, imbricate. Male with a series of 30 or 36 femoral pores,
not interrupted on the prreanal region. Tail rounded, feebly de-
pressed, covered above witli very small smooth scales and six
longitudinal series of keeled tubercles, below with a median series
of transversely dilated plates. Greyish or pinkish brown above,
uniform or more or less distinctly marbled with darker; head
generally variegated with brown ; a more or less defined brown
streak, light-edged above, on the side of the head, passing through
the eye, extending sometimes along the side of the body ; lower
surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 2-2 inches ; tail 2"25.

86

GECKONIDJE.

Hah. Southern India and Ceylon, China, Tndo-China, Burma,
Malay peninsula and Archipelago, Islands of the Western Pacific
and Indian Oceans.

86, Hemidactylus gleadovii.

Hemidactylus maculatus, Kelaart, Prodi: p. 158 ; Gilnth. Rept. B.

I. p. 107 ; Theoh. Cut. p. 7o.
? Gecko tytleri, Tytler, J. A. 8. B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 547.
Hemidactylus gleadowi, Murrmj, Zooh Smd, p. 3G0, pi. — , fig. 3 ;

Bouleiu/. Cat. Liz. i, p. 1:^9.
Hemidactylus kushniorensis *, Murray, A. M. N. H. (5) xiv, 1884,

p. 109; Bold. I. c. p. 135.
Hemidactylus mul■ra^■i, Gleadoio, Journ. Bomb. K H. Sue. ii, 1887,

p. 49.

Head OA'iforin ; snout longer than the distance between the eye
and the ear-opening, \\ to Ig the diameter of the orbit ; forehead
concave ; ear-opening oval, oblique, about half the diameter of the

Fig. 27. — Hemidactylus gleadovii.

eye. Body and limbs moderate. Digits moderately dilated, free,
inner well developed ; infradigital lamella; \^ith strongly curved
anterior border, 4 to under the inner digits, G to 8 under the
median. Head covered anteriorly Avith convex granular, some-

* Si^eciinens recently received from Mr. Murray, as typical of his H. kush-
morensis from Upper Sind, are identical with H. gleadovii. The dorsal tubercles
are keeled.

HEMIDACTYLUS. 87

times keeled, scales, posteriorly with minute granules intermixed
with round tubercles. Eostral subtetragonal, not twice as broad as
deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral,
the first labial, and thi*ee or four nasals ; 8 to 10 upper and 7 to
9 lower labials ; mental large, triangular or pentagonal, twice as
long as the adjacent labials ; chin-shields generally four, the inner
largest, in contact behind the mental. Upper surfaces with minute
granular scales intermixed with moderate-sized trihedral strongly
keeled tubercles, the lai'gest not measuring more than one third
the diameter of the eye ; they form IG to 20 pretty regular longi-
tudinal series on the back. Abdominal scales smooth, roundish,
imbricate. Males with a series of femoral pores generally inter-
rupted in the middle ; altogether 16 to 24 pores. Tail rounded,
tapering, depressed ; above with small smooth scales and 6 or 8
longitudinal series of large, pointed, strongly keeled tubercles ;
below with a median series of transversely dilated plates. Brownish
above, spotted with darker ; a dark streak on the side of the head,
passing through the eye ; lower surfaces dirty white.

From snout to vent 2-'S inches ; tail 2-25.

Hab, India, Ceylon, Burma, South China. The commonest
house-gecko in India.

87. Hemidactylus turciciis,

Lacerta turcica, Linn. Sysf. Nat. i, p. 362.

Hemidactylus karachiensis, Mi/rrai/, Zuol. Sind, p. 361, pi. — , fig. 2.

Ilemidiietylus tuvcicus, Boule/ii/. Cat. Liz. i, p. 126.

Snout rounded, about as long as the distance between the eye
and the ear-opening, 1| to Ig the diameter of the orbit ; forehead
slightly concave ; ear-opening oval, oblique, not quite half the
diameter of the eye. Body and limbs moderate. Digits rather
variable in length, the inner always well developed ; 6 to 8 lamellae
under the inner digits, 8 to 10 under the fourth finger, and 9 to
11 under the fourth toe. Head anteriorly with large granules,
posteriorly with minute granules intermixed with round tubercles.
Hostral four-sided, not twice as broad as deep, with median cleft
above ; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and
three nasals; 7 to 10 upper and 6 to 8 lower labials; mental
large, triangular, at least twice as long as the adjacent labials, its
point between two large chin-shields, which may be in contact
behind it ; a smaller chin-shield on each side of the larger pair.
Upper surface of body covered with minute granules intermixed
with large tubercles ; these are generally larger than the inter-
spaces between them, suboval, trihedral, and arranged in 14 or 16
pretty regular longitudinal series. Abdominal scales small, smooth,
roundish-hexagonal, imbricate. Males with a short angular series
of 4 to 10 (exceptionally 2) prajanal pores. Tail cylindrical,
slightly depressed, tapering, covered above with minute scales and
transverse series of large keeled tubercles, beneath with a series of

88 GECKONIDiE.

large transversely dilated plates. Light brown or greyish above,
spotted with darker ; many of the tubercles wliite ; lower surfaces
white.

From snout to vent 2 inches.

Hah. Siud; borders of the Mediterranean and of the Eed Sea.
Common at Karachi, among stones.

88, Hemidactylus persicus.

Hemidactylus persicus, Andersoji, F. Z. S. 1872, p. 378, fig. 2;
Bouleiig. Cat. Liz. i, p. lol.

Snout rather acuminate, as long as the distance between the eye
and the upper border of the ear-opening, 1^ the diameter of the
orbit ; forehead concave ; interorbital space very narrow ; upper
eyelid strongly fringed ; ear-opening large, obliquely crescentic,
the concavity being directed forwards and upwards, its diameter
equalling three fourths that of the eye. Body and limbs moderate.
Digits free, moderately dilated, inner well developed ; infradigital
lamellte obliquely curved ; 10 lamellse under the thumb, 10 under
the third finger, 9 inider the inner toe, and 12 under the third
toe. Snout covered with large convex granular scales, largest
between the eye and the nostril ; hinder part of head with
minute granules, and scattered ones of a larger size. Rostral four
times as broad as deep (having fused with the anterior labial on
each side) ; nostril above the rostral, between the latter and three
nasals; 10 or 11 upper and 9 lower labials; mental large, tri-
angular, twice as long as the adjacent labial, its point between two
large chin-shields which are in contact behind it ; a small chin-
shield on each side of the large pair. Upper surface of body
covered with small irregular flat granules and moderately large,
trihedi-al, strongly keeled tubercles arranged in 14 or 16 rather
irregular longitudinal series ; the largest tubercles measure about
one fourth the diameter of the eye. Abdominal scales small,
smooth, rounded, imbricate. Male with a short angular series of
8 prseanal pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered above with
small, irregular, imbricate suiooth scales and scattered pointed
tubercles forming four or six longitudinal series, beneath with a
series of transversely dilated plates. Pale yellowish brown, with
six faint brownish "transverse narrow dorsal bands, the tubercles
in these areas being almost black ; a dark brown streak from the
nostrils through the eye above the ear, \\ith a whitish line above
it; lips whitish.

From snout to vent 2-75 inches ; tail 3-2.

Hab. Sind; Persia.

89. Hemidactylus maculatiis.

Hemidactylus maculatus, Dum. ^- Blbr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. 358 (part.) ;

Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 132.
Hemidactylus sykt'sii, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 108, pi. xii, tig. C.

Head large, oviform ; snout longer than the distance between

HEMIDACTTLUS. 89

the eye and the ear-opening, 1| the diameter of the orbit ; fore-
head concave ; cant h us rostraUs swollen ; ear-opening large, oval.
Body aad limbs moderate. Digits moderately dilated, free, inner
well developed ; infradigital lamella? almost perfectly straight,
9 to 11 under the inner digit, 12 or 13 under the median.
Head covered anteriorly with convex granular scales, smaller in
the frontal concavity, posteriorly with minute granules intermixed
with round tubercles ; rostral subtetragonal, not twice as broad
as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between the
rostral, the first labial, and three or four nasals ; 10 to 12
upper and 9 or 10 lower labials ; mental large, triangular or
pentagonal, twice as long as the adjacent labials ; two pairs of
chin-shields, the inner the larger, elongate, in contact behind the
mental. Upper surfaces with minute, granular scales intermixed
with moderate-sized trihedral, more or less strongly keeled tubercles,
the largest not measuring more than one third the diameter of the
eye ; they are arranged very irregularly on the back, in about 20
longitudinal series. Abdominal scales smooth, roundish, imbricate.
Male with a long series of femoral pores, 19 to 25 on each side,
interrupted on the praeaual region. Tail rounded, tapering,
depressed ; above \\ith small irregular keeled scales, and 6 or 8
longitudinal series of large trihedral tubercles ; beneath with a
median series of transversely enlarged plates. Brown above, with
darker spots, generally confluent into transverse undulating bands
on the back ; two more or less distinct dark streaks on each side
of the head, passing through the eye ; lower surfaces dirty white.

From snout to vent 4'5 inches ; tail 5.

Hah. Deccan and Southern India.

90. Hemidactylus triedrus.

Gecko triedrus, Daud. Ilcpt. iv, p. 155 ; Lesson, in Belang. Voi/, Ind.

Or. p. 311, pi. v, fig. 1.
Ileniidactyhis triedrus, Kelaarf, Prodv. p. 157; Gihith. liept. B. I.

p. 107 ; 'llieob. Vat. p. 75 ; Boidencj. Cat. Liz. \, p. 133.

Head large, oviform ; snout longer than the distance between
the eye and the ear-opening, 1| the diameter of the orbit; fore-
head concave ; ear-opening large, siiboval, oblique, measuring
about half the diameter of the eye. Body and limbs moderate.
Digits free, moderately dilated, inner well developed ; infra-
digital lamellte slightly oblique, 6 or 7 under the inner digits,
8 to 10 under the median digits. Snout covered with convex
granules, ^^•hich may be keeled ; hinder part of head with minute
granules intermixed with, roundish tubercles, l^ostral subquad-
rangular, not twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above;
nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and three or
four nasals ; b to 10 upper and 7 or 8 lower labials ; mental large,
triangular or pentagonal, at least twice as long as the adjacent
labials ; four chin-shields, median pair largest and in contact
behind the mental. Upper surface of body covered «ith small

90 GECKOTSriD^.

flat granular scales, and large trihedral tubercles arranged in 16 to
20 more or less irregular longitudinal series ; these tubercles vary
somewhat in size according to specimens, but the largest never
exceed two fifths the diameter of the eye. Abdominal scales
large, smooth, rounded, imbricate. Males with a series of prseanal
pores, interrupted mesially ; 6 to 8 pores on each side. Tail
rounded, feebly depressed, tapering, covered above with irregular,
small, smooth imbricated scales and rings of large, pointed, keeled
tubercles, beneath with a median series of transversely dilated
plates. Light pinkish brown above, generally with more or less
defined transverse darker bands bordered by pure white tubercles
surrounded by deep-brown rings ; young very regulnrly barred
with dark brown, there behig four dark bars between head and hind
limbs; a more or less defined dark-brown streak, white-edged
above, on the side of the head, passing through the eye ; lower
surfaces white.

From snout to vent 3'7 inches ; tail 3"8.

Hab. Central and Southern India, Ajmere, Ceylon.

91. Hemidactylus subtriedrus.

Hemidactylus subtriedms, Jerdon, J. A. S. JS. xxii, 1853, p. 467 ;
Theob. Cat. p. 75 ; BouJeng. Cat. Liz, i, p. 134.

Differs from //. triednis in the following points : — Head more
depressed. Infradigital lamellae more numerous, 10 under the
thumb, 11 under the median finger, 9 under the inner toe, and 12
under the median toe. Ventral scales smaller. 10 lower labials.
Light brown above, with five undulating dark brown cross bands on
the body, the anterior, on tlie neck, confluent with a dark streak
passing tlu'ough the eye and light-edged above.

From snout to vent 2'25 inches.

Hab. Nellore and Ellore districts.

92, Hemidactylus depressus.

Hemidactvlus depressus, Grai/, Zool. Mkc. p, 58 ; Boideng. Cat. Liz.

i, p. 134.
Hemidactylus pieresii, Kelaart, Frodr. p. 159 ; Theob. Cat. p. 76.

Head oviform ; snout longer than the distance betvAeen the eye
and the ear-opening, Ig to l^j the diameter of the orbit ; forehead
concave; ear-opening oblique, nearly half the diameter of the eye.
Body and limbs moderate. The skin forms a fold on each side of
the belly, from axilla to groin. Digits distinctly webbed at the
base, moderately dilated, inner well developed, with curved, scarcely
oblique lamella? ; 7 (or 6) under the inner digits, 9 or 10 under the
median fingers, 10 or 11 under the median toes. Snout covered
with granular scales, largest in front of the orbits ; hinder part of
head with minute granules intermixed with round tubercles.
Eostral subquadrangular, not twice as broad as deep, w ith median
cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral, the flrst labial,

HEMIDACTTLUS. 91

and three or four nasals ; 10 to 12 npper and S to Kl lower labials ;
mental large, triangular or pentagonal, twice as long as the
adjacent labials ; four large chin-shields, median pair largest,
forming a long suture behind the point of the mental. Upper
surface of body covered with small flat granules intermixed with
trihedral tubercles, forming 16 to 20 very irregular longitudinal
series ; the largest tubercles measure about one fourth the dia-
meter of the eye. Abdominal scales moderate, smooth, rounded,
imbricate. Males with a long series of femoral pores interrupted
mesially ; 17 or 18 pores on each side. Tail tapering, much de-
pressed, flat below, with angular lateral edge ; it is covered above
with small pointed imbricate scales, which are enlarged and raised
on the sides, forming a strong denticulation, and with six or eight
series of spine-like tubercles forming rings ; a median series of
regular transversely dilated plates beneath. Upper parts light
brown, marbled or cross-barred w ith bro\^ n ; a dark brown streak-,
white-edged above, on the side of the head, passing through the
eye ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 3'2 inches ; tail 3.

Hah. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula.

93. Hemidactylus leschenaultii.

riemidactylus leschenaultii, Bum. ^- Bibr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. o64;

Giinth. ^liept. B. I. p. 109; Theob. Cat. p. 77 ; Boiileng. Cat. Liz.

i, p. 13G.
Hemidactylus coctfei, part., Giinth. I. c. p. 100.
Hemidactylus kelaartii, Theob. Cat. Kept. A&. Soc. Mus. p. 29.
Hemidactylus mavmoratus, Blanf. J. A, S. B. xxxix, 1870, pt. 2,

p. o63, pi. xvi, figs. 1-3.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
opening, Ig to 1|- the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave, the
su])raorbital ridges prominent in full-grown specimens ; ear-opening
rather large, oxa], vertical. Body and limbs moderate. A slight
fold of the skin on the side of the belly, from axilla to groin.
Digits free, strongly dilated, iinier well developed ; 6 or 7 (rarely
5) lamelho under the inner digits, 9 to 11 under the median.
Head covered with minute granules posteriorly, with larger ones
anteriorly ; rostral four-sided, not twice as broad as deep, with
median cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral, three
nasals, and generally the first labial ; 10 to 12 upper and 8
or 9 lower labials ; mental large, triangular or pentagonal ; two
pairs of chin-shields, the inner the larger aud in contact behind the
mental. Upper surface of body covered with small granules, uni-
form or intermixed with more or less numerous scattered round
tubercles. Abdominal scales moderate, cycloid, imbricate. Male
with a series of femoral pores interrupted on the praeanal region ;
12 to 10 pores on each side. Tail depressed, flat below, covered
above with small smooth scales and six longitudiual series of
conical tubercles ; beneath with a median series of transversely
dilated plates. Grey above, with darker markings, forming undu-

92 geckoniDjE.

latiiig cross-bars, rhomboiclal spots on the middle of the back, or
regular longitudinal bands ; a dark band from the eye to the
shoulder ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 3-2 inches; tail 3-25.

Hah. India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula. A house-gecko.

94. Hemidactylus coctsei.

Ilemidactvlus coct?e\, Dum. 8f Bibr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. 30o; Giintli.

liept. B. 1. p. 100 (part.) ; Theob. Cat. p. 77 ; Murrmj, Zool. Sin,/,

p. -350 ; Bum /en;/. Cat. Liz. i, p. 137.
Boltalia sublaevis, &'r«?/, Zool. Misc. p. 58.
Hemidactylus bengaliensis, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 14.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
openhig, Ig to 1| the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave ;
ear-opening rather large, oval, oblique. Body and limbs moderate.
Digits free, strongly dilated, inner well developed, with nearly
straight lanielLT beneath ; the latter 9 or 10 (rarely 8) under the
inner digits, and 11 to 13 under the median digits. Head covered
with minute granules posteriorly, with larger ones anteriorly ;
rostral four-sided, not twice as broad as deep, with median cleft
above; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and
three nasals; 12 to 15 upper and 10 or 11 lower labials ; mental
large, triangular or pentagonal ; two or three pairs of chin-shields,
median largest and in contact behind the mental. Upper surfaces
covered with small granules, among which some larger ones are
sometimes scattered on the sides. Abdominal scales moderate,
cycloid, imbricate. Male with a short series of 5 or 6 femoral
pores under each thigh. Tail depressed, flat beneath, covered
above with small smooth scales and four or six longitudinal series
of conical tubercles ; beneath with a median series of transversely
dilated plates. Grey above, uniform or with indistinct darker
markings ; lower surfaces white.

From suout to vent 3 inches ; tail 3'2.

Ba/j. India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Baluchistan, Persia,
Arabia, Abyssinia. A common house-gecko.

95. Hemidactylus giganteus.

Hemidactvlus g\gantei\a, Stcliczka, J. A. S. B, xli, 1872, p. 99, pi. ii,
fig. 2; Theob. Cat. p. 78 ; Bo^dencj. Cut. Liz.'i, p. 138.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
opening, Ig the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave; ear-
opening rather large, suboval, vertical. Body and limbs stout.
Digits free, inner well developed, strongly dilated ; with straight
transverse lamella) beneath ; 11 or 12 under the inner digits, 13 to
15 under the median. Upper surfaces covered with uniform small
granular scales, somewhat larger on the snout, smallest on the
hinder part of the head. Jlostral quadrangular, not quite twice as
broad as deep ; nostril pierced between the rostral and three nasals ;

KEMIDACTYLTJS. 93

12 to 15 upper and 11 to 13 lower labials ; mental large, pentagonal ;
two pairs of chin-shields, the inner the larger. Abdominal scales
rather small, cycloid, imbricate. Male with a series of femoral pores
interrupted mesially ; 19 to 22 pores on each side. Tail without
large tubercles. Olive-grey above, with irregular dark, pale-edged
marks in imperfect circles, tending to form, or forming, 4 or 5
transverse undulating bands on the body : below uniform white.

From snout to vent 4-8 inches.

Hah. Godavari Valley and Malabar. Found on trees.

96. Heinidactylus bowringii.

Diiryura bowrincii, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 156.

Leiui'iis berdniorei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 646.

Doryura berdmorei, Theob. Journ. Linn. Sue. x, 1868, p. '2d ; id. Cat.

p. ix.
Hemidactylus berdmorei, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 100.
Hemidactylus bowringii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 1-30, pi. xii, fig. 2.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
opening, 1-1 the diameter of the orbit : forehead slightly concave ;
ear-opening small, roundish. Body and limbs moderate ; a slight
fold of the skin along the flank. Digits free, moderately dilated,
inner well developed ; infradigital laraelhe obliquely curved, 5
under the thumb, 7 or 8 under the fourth finger, 5 or 6 under
the first toe, and 9 or 10 under the fourth toe. Upper
surfaces covered with uniform small granular scales, largest on
the snout, smallest on the occiput. Kostral four-sided, twice as
broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril pierced between
the rostral, the first labial, and three or four nasals ; 9 to 11 upper
and 7 or 8 lower labials : mental large, triangular, followed by
a pair of chin-shields ; an outer pair of much smaller chin-
shields. Abdominal scales moderate, cycloid, imbricate. Male
with a series of prteanal pores, interrupted mesially, composed of 13
pores on each side. Tail depressed, rounded, oval in section,
covered above with uniform small scales, beneath with a median
series of transversely dilated plates. Light brown above, with
darker spots, having sometimes a tendency to form four longitudi-
nal bands on the back ; frequently small whitish spots on the body
and limbs ; a dark streak passing through the eye ; tail above with
small chevron-shaped markings ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 1*3 inches ; tail 2.

Hab. Eastern India (Sikhim and ? Godavari Valley), Burma and
Tenasserim.

97. Hemidactylus karenorum.

Doryura kareuorum, Thcoh. Jvurn. Linn. Socs, 1868, p. 30, and Cat.

p. ix.
Hemidactylus karenorum, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. \, p. 140.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
opening, I5 to 1^ the diameter of the orbit ; forehead slightly con-

94 GECKONID.?:.

cave ; ear-opening small, roundish. Body and limbs moderate ;
a slight fold of the skin along the sides of the belly, and another
bordering the thighs behind. Digits free, moderately dilated,
inner well developed ; infradigital lamellae obliquely curved, 5 under
the thumb, 9 under the fourth finger, 5 or 6 under the first toe,
and 10 to 12 under the fourth toe. Head covered with minute
granules posteriorly, with larger ones anteriorly ; rostral four-sided,
not quite twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above ; nostril
pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals : 11 or
12 upper and 7 to 9 lower labials; mental large, triangular ; two
pairs of chin-shields. Upper surface of body covered with minute
granules intermixed with numerous small convex round tubercles.
Abdominal scales moderate, cycloid, imbricate. Male without
pra>anal or femoral pores (?). Tail de])ressed, flat below, with
sharp denticulated lateral edge; the scales on the upper surface
very small, equal ; tliose on the lower surface larger, imbricate,
with a median series of large transverse plates. Light grey-brown
above, with rather indistinct darker variegation ; lower surfaces
whitish.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 2-2.

Hab. Pegu.

-&^

98. Hemidactlylus ganioti.

Heuiidactvlus garnotii, Dum. ^- Bibr. Eip, Gen. iii, p. 368 : Bouleny,

Cat. Liz. i, p. 141.
Doryura gaudama, Theob. Jouni.Lhni. Soc. x, 1868, p. 30; id. C'ftf.p.ix.
Ilemidactvliis (Dorvura) mandellianus, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli,

1872, p.- 101, pi. m, figs. 1,2.
Hemidactylus blanfordii, Boulemj. I. c. p. 141 .

[Snout obtusely pointed, longer than the distance between the
eye and the ear-opening, 1| to 1| the diameter of the oi'bit ; fore-
head slightly concave ; ear-opening small, rounded. Body and
limbs moderate. A slight but distinct fold of the skin along the
flanks, and another bordering the hind limb posteriorly. Digits
free or with a very slight rudiment of web, moderately dilated,
inner well developed ; infradigital lamellte oblique, 6 or 7 under
the inner digits, 10 to 12 under the fourth finger, and 11 to 14
under the fourth toe. Upper surfaces and throat covered with
minute granular scales, a little larger on the snout ; abdominal
scales moderate, imbricate. Eostral subquadrangular, with median
cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral and three nasals ;
12 or 13 upper and 9 to 11 lower labials; mental large, trian-
gular, in contact posteriorly with a pair of pentagonal chin-shields,
followed by a second smaller pair ; the anterior pair of chin-shields
in contact with the first infralabial, and with each other mesialiy ;
the posterior pair separated from each other, and also com-
pletely or nearly completely from the labials. Tail dei)ressed, flat
beneath, with sharp denticulated lateral edge ; the scales on the
upper surface very small, equal ; those on the lower surface

HEMIDACTTLUS. 95

larger, imbricate, with a median series of large, transversely dilated
plates. Brownish grey above, uniform or with more or less distinct
brown and whitish spots ; lower surfaces uniform whitish. (Theo-
bald mentions 19 pores on each thigh in his Doryura r/audama, which
appears to me, froui tlie short description, identical with, and the
male of, the present species.)

From snout to vent 2-3 inches '; tail 2'6.

Hab. Sikhim, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, South
Pacific Islands.

A number of specimens (from Biu-ma and Java), which I have
been able to examine since the publication of the Catalogue of Lizards
have convinced me that the characters upon which I separated
H. blanfordii from //. (janioti are insufficient.

Hemiductylus mortoni, Theobald, Journ, Liun. Soc. x, p. 32, and
Cat. Eept. Brit. Ind. p. 78, is probably allied to, or identical with,
one of the three preceding species, but the description is insuffi-
cient for ensuring its recognition : —

" Back covered with granular scales, with a scattered tubercle here
and there, just perceptibly larger than the rest. Thumb well de-
veloped. Colour dark brown, mottled pepper and salt, with black
spots and small white rosettes of 6 white scales each. Tail barred
with black above. Length 3*50 inches."

Described from an immature male taken at Teikgyie, Rangoon.

99. Hemidactylus platyurus.

Stellio platyurus,' «S'c7<?jf/f/. Amph. PJiys. ii. p. 30.
Nycteiidium scLueideri, Giinth. Bept. B. I. p. IIL
Nycteiidiuui liimalayaiiuni, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 15.
Nycteridium plaiyurus, TIteob. Cat. p. 7'.*.
Hemidactyhis platyurus, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. \, p. 143.

Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-
opening, Ih the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave; ear-
opening suiall, oval, oblique. Body and limbs moderate, much
depressed ; a cutaneous expansion fi-om axilla to groin, and
another bordering the hind limb posteriorly. Digits strongly dilated,
about half-webbed, inner well developed : 5 or 6 lamellte under
the inner, and 7 to 9 under the median digits. L'pper surfaces
covered with uniform small granules, largest on the snout. Eostral
four-sided, not quite so broad as deep, with median cleft above ;
nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and three nasals ;
9 to 11 upper and 7 or 8 lower labials; mental large, triangular or
pentagonal, in contact with two large chin-shields, followed by two
smaller ones. Abdominal scales moderate, cycloid, imbricate.
Male with an uninterrupted series of femoral pores, 17 or 18 on
each side. Tail nnich depressed, flat beneath, with sharp denti-
culated lateral edge, covered above with uniform small granules,
inferiorly with a median series of transversely dilated plates. Grey
above, marbled with darker ; generally a dark streak from eye to
shoulder ; white beneath.

96 GECKONID^.

From snout to vent 2-25 inches ; tail 2*2.

Hah. Ceylon, N.E. India (Dnrjeeling), Burma, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, South China and Cochiuchina.

Genus TERATOLEPIS,

Giinth. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 604.

Digits dilated, \\ith a douhle series of lamellfc beneath, \\ii\i
elongate compressed distal joint rising from within the extremity
of the dilated part ; all clawed. Ear concealed. Body covered
with large strongly imhricate scales. Pupil — ?

Distribution. India. A single species.

100. Teratolepis fasciata.

Homonota fasciata, Bli/fh, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 408.
Teratolepis fasciata, Gihith. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 505; Theub. Cut.
p. 95 ; Boulenc/. Cat. Liz. i, p. 145.

Body somewhat depressed ; limbs rather long and slender.
Head covered with polygonal flat scales. Seven \o\\ev labials ;
mental large, triangular; two larger anterior chin-shields, in contact
behind the mental, followed by others passing gradually into the
small gular granules. Dorsal scales large, lozenge-shaped, slightly
keeled; ventral scales much smaller, smooth. Tail depressed,
swollen, tapering at the end, covered with imbricate irregular scales,
some of those of the upper surface being extremely large. Greyish
above, with five brown longitudinal bands, which at regular intervals
are interrupted by white spots forming cross bands ; seven of these
cross bands on the neck and trunk.

Head and body l"o inches.

Hah. Deccan (Jalna) and Sind.

Genus GEHYRA,
Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 57, 1842.

Digits strongly dilated, free or webbed at the base, with
undivided or mesially divided transverse lamellae beneath ; distal
phalanges free, elongate, compressed, clax'^'ed, raised from within
the extremity of the dilatation ; inner digits \\ithout free distal
phalanges, clawless, or with a very indistinct retractile claw. Upper
surfaces co\ered with granular scales; belly with cycloid imbricate
scales. Pupil vertical. Males with femoral or pra?anal pores.

Distribution. East Indies ; Australia : islands of the Indian and
Pacific Oceans ; Mexico. Of the ten kno\vn species, one occurs
in Burma and Ceylon.

101. Gehyra mutilata.

Ilemldactylus (Peropus) mutilatuy, Wieym. N. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol.
xvii, 1835, p. 238.

LEPIDODACTYLUS.

9^

Ilomidactylus peronii, Duin. ^- Bibr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. o5i\ pi. xxx,

fig. 1 ; Kelaart, Prodr. p. 187.
Peripia peronii, G'dnth. Itept. B. I. p. 110 ; Thcoh. C<it. p. 70,
Gecko pardus, Tijtlvr, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1804, p. 547.
? Gecko liarrietti, Tijtlcr, I. c. p. 548.
Gelijra luutilata, Boidcn(j. Cat. Liz. i, p. 148.

Fig. 28. — Foot of Gchjra matilata, lower surface, aud side view of toe.

Head longer than broad ; snout longer than distance between
eye and ear-opening, about Ig the diameter of the orbit ; forehead
with a median groove ; ear-opening moderately large, suboval.
Body and limbs moderately elongate, depressed ; a fold of the skin
bordering the hind limb posteriorly. Digits short, more or less
webbed at the base ; the inlerior lamella? angular, divided by a
median groove. Upper surface and throat covered with small
granular scales, largest and flat on the back. Abdominal scales
moderate. Rostral quadrangular, broader than deep, with a median
cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial,
and three nasals, the upper much the largest and generally in
contact with its fellow ; 8 or 9 upper and G or 7 lower labials ;
mental moderately large, pentagonal ; chin-shields 3 pairs, inner
very large, elongate, outer small, frequently broken up into small
scales. Femoral pores in a doubly curved line, angular in the
middle, 14 to J 9 on each side. Tail depressed, normally with a
sharpish, minutely serrated lateral edge ; its upper surface covered
with very small flat scales, its lower surface generally with a median
series of lai-ge transversely dilated scales. Greyish or reddish
brown above, unifomn or dotted or variegated with darker; lower
surfaces uniform whitish.

Trom snout to vent 12*2.3 inches ; tail 2"25.

Hah. Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, New
Guinea, Mascarenes and Seychelles, Western Mexico.

Genus LEPIDODACTYLUS,

Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. p. 98, 1843.

Digits more or less dilated, free or with a rudiment of web,
beneath with transverse lamelhie divided by a median groove, with
very short compressed distal clawed joint rising from the extremity
of the digit ; inner digit clawless. Body covered above with

98 GECKONIDJE.

graBulax' scales, beneath with juxtaposed or subimbricate scales.
Pupil vertical. Males with praeaual or femoral pores.

Distribution. East Indies ; Polynesia ; South-west Australia.
11 or 12 species are known.

Fig. 29. — Foot of Lepidodactylus aurantiacus, lower surface.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, mid Burmese Sjyecies.

A. Thumb rudimentarj' ; tail subcylindrical.

a. 4 or 5 divided lamellae under median toe. L. ceyloncnsis, p. 98.
h. 2 divided lamelLie under median toe. ... L. aurantiacus, p. 98.

B. Thumb well developed ; tail depressed, flat

beneath, with sharpish lateral edge .... L. lugiihris, p. 99.

102. Lepidodactylus ceylonensis.

Lepidodactylus ceylon&nsis, Souleny . Cat. Liz. \, p. 164, pi. xiii, fig. 3.

Head much longer than broad ; snout as long as distance between
eye and ear-opening, 1| times diameter oi' orbit; ear-opening
small, oval. Body elongate ; limbs short, fore limb not measuring
half the distance between axilla and groin. Digits free, inner
rudimentary ; 4 or 5 divided lamellae under the toes, the rest of
the lower surface covered with small squarish scales. Head and
body covered with very small granular scales, slightly larger on the
snout, larger and flat on the belly. Eostral twice as broad
as deep ; nostril pierced between rostral, first upper labial,
and three small nasals; 11 or 12 upper and as many lower labials;
mental small, subtriangular ; no chin-shields. Tail cylindrical,
cohered with uniform small scales. Brown, above, with small
round yellowish spots ; a dark streak from the tip of the snout to
the shoulder, passing through the eye.

From snout to vent 1'5 inches ; tail 1"33.

Hid). Ceylon (Gampola).

103, Lepidodactylus aurantiacus.

Heniidftctjdus aurantiacus, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. 1870.
Lepidodactylus aurantiacus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 164, pi. xiii, fig, 4.

Head oviform, longer than broad ; snout rounded, very convex,
slightly shorter than distance between eye and ear-opening, 1;|

LEPIDODACTYLUS. 99

diameter of orbit ; ear-opening very small, round. Body elongate,
more so in females than in males ; limbs short, fore limb measuring
half the distance between axilla and groin, or rather less. Digits
short, free, inner very small, rudimentary ; only two large chevron-
shaped divided lamellae under the distal part of the digits, followed
by transverse undivided lamellae, decreasing in width. Head
covered with very minute granules; rostral and mental very small,
former four-sided, latter pentagonal or triangular ; nostril pierced
between rostral, first labial, and several granules; labials very
small, 9 or 10 upper and as many lower ; no chin-shields. Back
covered with very small granular scales ; abdominal scales a little
larger, flat, imbricate. Male with an angular series of 7 to 9
pra\anal pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered with small
imbricated smooth scales, larger below. Grey-brown above, with,
along the head and back, dark-brown undulating lines, which may
be broken up into spots ; a dark brown streak from the tip of the
snout to the fore limb, passing through the eye ; whitish dots
scattered on the head and back ; tail with darker spots or aunuli
and two large whitish black-edged spots at the base, frequently
confluent mesially. Lower surfaces whitish, more or less speckled
with brownish.

From snout to vent 1"4 inches ; tail 1*25.

Hah. Shevaroys, 8. India.

104. Lepidodactyliis luguMs.

riatydactylus lugutris, Dum. ^- Bihr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. o04.
Peripia cantoris, Giinth. Bept. B. I. p. 110 ; Tlwoh. Cat. p. 80.
Lepidodactyliis luguhris, Bauleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 105.

Head much longer than broad ; snout subacuminate, longer than
distance between eye and ear-opening, about \k diameter of orbit;
forehead with a median groove ; ear-opening small, round. Body
and limbs moderate. Digits moderate, inner well developed, with
a rudiment of web ; inferior lamelhe numerous, 7 or 8 under the
fingers, 8 or 9 under the toes. Upper surface and throat covered
with very minute granules, a little larger on the snout ; scales on
the belly much larger, flat, juxtaposed or slightly imbricate.
Rostral quadrangular, broad ; nostril pierced between rostral, first
upper labial, and two or three nasal shields, the upper separated
from its fellow by one or three small shields ; 11 to 13 upper and 10
toll lower labials ; mental small, smaller than the adjacent labials;'
four transverse rows of small chin-shields. Femoral pores in a long
series, angular in the middle, 2o altogether. Tail flat beneath, with
sharpish, sometimes feebly serrated, lateral edge ; caudal scales
small, flat, equal. L'pper surfaces light pinkish grey or brownish,
generally with a series of small blackish or purplish-bro\vn spots on
each side of the vertebral line ; a purplish-brown streak from the
end of the snout to the ear, passing through the eye ; labials
generally finely dotted with brown ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 1-75 inches ; tail 1*4.

II 2

100

GECKONIDjE.

Hah. Burma, Andamans and Nicobars, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago, Papuasia and Polynesia.

Genus HOPLODACTYLUS,

Fitzinger, Syst. Eept. p. 100, 1843.

Digits free or shortly webbed at the base, more or less dilated ;
the distal phalanges slender, elongate, clawed, forming an angle
with the basal portion ; a series of transverse lamelhe niider the
latter. Scales small, granular, equal. Pupil vertical. Males with
praeanal, or prajanal and femoral pores.

Distribution. South-Pacific islands ; Southern India. A small
genus of only 5 species.

# iff
f

Fig. 30.- — Foot of Ho'plodacfylus anamallcnds.
a. Upper surl'ace. b. Lower sui-face.

Synojisis of Indian Species.

10 lamellje under fouith toe 11. dvvmadii, p. 100,

7 or 8 lamella3 under fouith toe H. anamallensis, p. 101.

105. Hoplodactylus duvaucelii.

I*latydactylus dmaucelii, Dvm. S)- Bihr. Erp. Gen. in, p. 312.
Pt'iitadactylus duvaucelii, Gilntli. Ixcpt. B. 1. p. 118.
Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, BouIokj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 172.

Head oviform : snout slightly longer than distance between eye
and ear-opening ; forehead slightly concave ; ear-opening rather
large, oval, oblique. Body and limbs moderate. Digits relatively
much dilated, \\ idth of dilated part contained about twice and a half
in length of same ; length of slender distal ])art equals one third
length of digit; 16 lamellse under fourth toe; a distinct web at
base of digits, absent between two outer toes. Head covered
with granular scales, minute on the posterior half, considerably
larger on the snout. Eostral pentagonal, with trace of median
cleft above : nostril pierced between rostral, first upper labial, and
four small nasals; 14 upper and 12 lower labials; mental trapezoid, a

GECKO. 101

little shorter than the adjacent labials, followed by a small median
chin-shield; behind the labials small irregular scales passing gradu-
ally into the minute granules of the throat. Dorsal scales minutely
granular ; abdominal scales very small, subimbricate. Five angular
series of praeaual pores, the two upper extending as long femoi"al
series ; 50 pores in the upper series, from one end to the other.
Tail rounded, tapering, covered with very small subquadrangular
juxtaposed scales arranged in verticils. Greyish above, indistinctly
marbled with darker ; lower surfaces dirty white, immaculate.

From snout to vent 5 inches.

Hah. This species was described in 1S3G from specimens said to
have been brought from Bengal by Alfred Duvaucol ; but it has
not been rediscovered since.

106. Hoplodactylus ananiallensis.

Gecko anamalleusis, Giinfh. P. Z. S. IS?;!, p. 220.

Hoplodactylus anamalleusis, Bouhncj. C(if. Liz. \, p. 175, pi. xiv, fig. 2.

Head shortly oviform ; snout a little longer than distance between
eye and ear-opening, Ji diameter of orbit ; forehead very slightly
concave ; ear-opening small, oval, oblique. Body and limbs
moderate. Digits free, not very strongly dilated, inner well
developed : infradigital lamellae openly angular, 5 under the
inner digits, 6 or 7 under the median fingers, and 7 or 8 under
the median toes. Upper surfaces uniformly granular, the granules
scarcely larger on the snout than on the bade. Eostral four-
sided, more than twice as broad as high ; nostril pierced be-
tween rostral, first labial, and three nasals ; 9 or 10 upper and
7 or 8 lower labials ; mental broadly triangular or pentagonal ;
two pairs of larger chin-shields anteriorly, followed by smaller
ones passing gradually into the granules of the throat ; abdominal
scales cycloid, imbricate, smooth. Male with an uninterrupted
series of femoral pores, 20 or 21 on each side. Tail cylin-
drical, tapering, slightly depressed at the base, above with small
imbricate scales, beneath with a median series of transversely
dilated plates. Grey-bro\An above, spotted or marbled with
darker; a few scattered lighter dots; lower surfaces brownish
white.

From snout to vent 1'75 inches ; tail 1*4.

Hah. Anamallays, S. India.

Genus GECKO,

Laureuti, Syn. Eept. p. 43, 1768.

Digits strongly dilated, free or webbed at the base, with undi-
vided lamellfe below, all but the thumb and inner toe with a very
short compressed distal phalanx with reti-actile claw. Head and
back covered with juxaposed granular scales or tubercles, belly with

102 geckoxid.t:.

small flat imbricate scales. Pupil vertical. Males with pra;anal
or femoral pores.

Distribution. Japan, China, East Indies, New Guinea and
neighbouring islands. 8 species are known.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Rostral not entering nostril ; digits free.

a. Width of head equals twice distance from

end of snout to orbit; throat covered -svith

small flat granules G. verficiUatus, p. 102.

h. Width of head less tlian twice distance from

end of snout to orbit ; throat minutely

granulate G. stentor, p. 103.

B. Rostral euteringnostril ; digits with a rudiment

of web G. monarclms, p. 103.

107. Gecko verticillatus.

Gecko verticillatus, Laur. Si/ti. Rept. p. 44; Bouleny. Cat. Liz. \,

p. 183.
Geck-o gnttatus, Daiid. Rept. \\, p. 122; Gilnth. Rcpt. B. I. p. 102;

Thectb. Cat. p. 71.

Head large ; its width equals twice the distance from end of
the snout to orbit, or from orbit to ear-opening; snout sub-
triangular, obtuse. If or 1| diameter of orbit ; forehead con-
cave ; ear-opening narrow, oblique, its vertical diameter at least
half diameter of orbit. Body and limbs moderate ; digits free.
Head covered with small convex polygonal scales ; upper labials
12 to 14, the first entering the nostril ; lower labials 10 or 11, gra-
dually decreasing in size ; mental very variable in shape ; chin-
shields 4 or 5 on each side, smaller than the labials, the inner
pair genei-ally not longer than the mental. Back covered with
small juxtaposed flat granules and about 12 longititdinal series of
mamilliform tubercles ; throat with flat granules ; abdominal scales
moderately large. Pores in a short angular series on the prasanal
region, 13 to 24 altogether. Tail (when intact) slightly depressed,
tapering, distinctly annulate, covered with subquadrangular smooth
scales, much larger beneath, arranged in transverse series ; each
annulus is composed of 5 or 6 transverse rows of scales above, 3
beneath : also, on the upper surface, large conical tubercles, ^^■ide
apart aT'.d symmetrically arranged. Slaty grey above, with red
spots or vermiculations ; tail annulate with darker and lighter ;
lower surfaces whitish, frequently indistinctly variegated ^\ith
grey.

Prom snout to vent 6| inches ; tail 6.

Huh. Eastern Bengal to Southern China and the Malay Penin-
sula and Archipelago. Found in liouses as well as on trees.
Known as " touktai " in Burma, from its loud call. This species
and the following are the largest East-Indian geckos.

GECKO. 103

108. Gecko stentor.

Platydactylus stentor, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. G24.

Gecko stentor, Gitnth. Rept. B. I. p. 102, pi. xi, fig. A; Theoh. Cat.

p. 72; Boulenq. Cat. Liz. i, p. 184.
Gecko verreauxii, Tytler, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 546.

Head large, its width less than twice the distance from the end
of the snuut to the orbit ; snout longer than in G. verticillatus,
measuring 1| or If the diameter of the orbit and considerably more
than the distance from the orbit to the ear-opening; forehead
concave ; ear-opening oval, oblique, its vertical diameter generally
less than half the diameter of the orbit. Body and limbs rather
more elongate than in G. verticillatus ; digits free. The scales on
the head and back similar to those of G. verticillatus, but smaller ;
upper labials 12 to 14, first entering the nostril ; lower labials 10
to 12, gradually decreasing in size; chin-shields 3 to 5 on each
side, smaller than the labials, the inner pair generally longer than
the mental. Back with 10 or 12 longitudinal series of mamilliform
tubercles. Throat covered with exceedingly small granules ; ven-
tral scales larger than in G. verticillatus. Praeanal pores 11 to 16
altogether. Tail like that of G. verticillatus, but the scales on the
upper surface much smaller, the annuli being composed of 10 or 11
transverse rows of scales ; the large scales on the lower surface of
the tail are much dilated transversely, forming generally two
symmetrical series. Brown or brownish grey above, marbled with
darker, ^ith or without transverse rows of A\hitish spots, — a
character of the young in this and the preceding species, but which
may hei'e persist throughout life ; sometimes a linear, A-shaped
dark brown mark on the head ; tail annulate with darker and
lighter rings; lower surfaces whitish, generally dotted or variegated
with greyish.

From snout to vent 7g inches ; tail 7.

Hah. Chittagong, Burma, Andamans, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Java, Borneo.

109. Gecko monarchus.

Platydactylus monarchus, Dum. Sf Bihr. Erp. Gen. iii, p. 335.
Gecko monarchus, G'nntli. Rept. B. I. p. 103; Theoh. Cat. p. 72;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 187.

Head moderately large, oviform ; snout longer than distance
between eye and ear-opening, about ]| diameter of the orbit;
forehead concave ; ear-opening oval, oblique, its greatest diameter
one third that of the orbit. Body and limbs moderately elongate ;
digits feebly dilated for the genus, with a rudiment of web. Snout
covered with rather large granular scales, the rest of the head with
very small granules intermixed with scattered larger ones ; nostril
pierced between the rostral and first labial ; upper labials 10 or 11,
lower labials 9 or 10 ; mental subtriangular ; a large median pair
of chin-shields, about three times as long as broad, bordered by a

104 GECKONID^.

few irregular smaller shields. Back and limbs covered with very
small granules intermixed with numerous, irregularly arranged,
rounded conical tubercles. Throat with very small granules ;
abdominal scales moderate. Femoral pores in a long series,
forming a very open angle in the middle, 16 to 20 on each side.
Tail slightly depressed, distinctly annulate, covered above with
very small flat granular scales and transverse series of backwardly
directed couical tubercles, beneath with large, rather irregular
dilated scales ; each annulus is composed of 12 to 14 transverse
rows of scales above, 3 or 4 below. Brown or grey, spotted
with blackish, a double series oF spots along the middle of the
back being constant; tail with more or less marked darker and
lighter rings ; lower surfaces \\hitish.

From snout to vent 3"25 inches ; tail 4'10.

Hah. Ceylon; Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Genus PTYCHOZOON,

(Kuhn. Fitzing-or, N. Class. Rept. p. 13, 182G.

Digits strongly dilated, entirely webbed, with undivided lamellro
below ; all but the thumb and inner toe with a compressed curved
distal phalanx with retractile claw, originating a little before the
extremity of the digital expansion. Limbs and sides of head, body
and tail with much developed membranous expansions acting as
parnchutes. Upper surfaces covered with juxtaposed granular
scales and tubercles ; lower siu'faces with small, slightly imbricated
scales; the parachute-membrane of the side covered above \\ith
imbricate square scales arranged like the bricks of a v\all, scaleless
below. Pupil vertical. Males with pra'anal pores.

A single species.

110. Ptychozoon homalocephalum.

Lacerta homnlocepliala, Creveldt, Maq. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlhi, iii,

1801), p. 2(37, pi. viii.
Ptychozoon homalocephalum, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 026 ;

Giinth. Rejyt. 2i. I. p. 105; Theob. Cat. p. 73; Bouleng. Cat. Liz.

\, p. 190.

Head oviform ; snout longer than distance from eye to ear-
opening, Ig diameter of orbit; forehead concave; ear-opening
rather large, subcircular. Body and limbs moderate, depressed ;
digits short, not very unequal, webbed to the tips; the fore limbs
bordered on each side by a broad dermal expansion ; a sinn'lar
expansion bordering the tibia on each side, the femur posteriorly
only. The parachutes on the sides of the body nearly as broad as
the latter. Another dermal lobe on the side of the head, below
the ear-opening, from the angle of the month to the neck. Tail
elongate, depressed, the sides fringed with a series of rounded

PHELSTJMA.

105

lobes, confluent into a broad rounded flap at the extremity. Head
and back covered with small granular scales. Rostral large,
quadrangular; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial,
and three small nasals ; 10 to 12 upper and as many lower labials ;
rostral small, subtriangular ; 3 or 4 small cliin-shields on each side,

^S^

^v:\

Fig. 31. — Ftychozoon homaloccphalum.

inner elongate. Back usually with scattered convex tubercles.
Throat covered with small granules, belly with moderate scales.
An angular series of about 25 pra'anal pores. Tail distinctly
annulate, covered above with small flat granular scales and trans-
verse series of conical tubercles, beneath with imbricate scales.
Greyish or reddish brown above, with transverse undulating dark
brown bands ; a dark brown streak from the eye to the first
dorsal band.

From snout to vent 3-75 inches ; tail 3*6.

Hah. Arrakan, Pegu, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Borneo, Java, Loo Choo Islands.

Genus PHELSUMA,

Gray, Ann. Phil. (2) x, 1825, p. 199.

Digits strongly dilated, free, clawless, inner rudimentary, with
undivided lamellae below. Dorsal scales uniform, granular; ven-

106

GECKONIDiE.

trals flat, imbricate. Pupil round ; eyelid distinct all round the
eye. Males with prteaual or femoral pores.

a b

Fig. 32. — Foot of Phehuma andamanense.

a. Lower surface, b. Upper surface.

Distrihuiion. Seven or eight species are known from Madagascar,
the Comoro, Seychelle, and Mascarene Islands, and one from the
Andainans. Diurnal and arboreal.

111. Phelsuma andamanense.

Phel'uma andamanense, Bh/th, J. A. 8. B. xxix, 18C0, p. 108;

Gunth. Rept. B. 1. p. 112; Theob. Cat. p. 74; Bouleruj. Cat. Liz.

\, p. 212.
Gecko chameleon, Tytler, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 18G4, p. 548,

Snout twice as long as the distance between orbit and ear-
opening, or as diameter of orbit. Upper part of rostral with a
median cleft. Nostril pierced above the rostral and first labial, the
suture between the two plates entering its lower border; 9 or 10
upper labials ; 8 or 9 lower labials ; chin-shields irregular, scarcely
distinct from the surrounding scales ; 2 or 3 scales between the
naso-rostrals. Ear-opening small, round, one fourth or one third
the diameter of the orbit. Dorsal scales all granular, perfectly
smooth. Ventral scales smooth. Femoral pores 12 to 15 on each
side. Tail not much depressed, narrower than the body ; seg-
ments of tail rather indistinctly marked, composed of 7 transverse
series on the side, of 9 above ; lower surface of tail with a median
series of transversely dilated scales, two narrower ones alter-
nating with a broader one ; all the caudal scales perfectly smooth.
Greenish above, with more or less numerous orange spots, which,
however, may be absent ; an orange streak from the ear to the
nostril, passing through the eye, and another, A-shaped, from eye
to eye, are generally present ; lower surfaces whitish, throat not
spotted.

Trom snout to vent 2*5 inches ; tail 2*5.

Hah. Andaman Islands.

EUBLEPHAEIB.T. 10^

Family II. EUBLEPHARID^.

Differ from the Geclconidcp, to which they are closely related, in
having the vertebroe opisthococloas and the parietal bones united,
as in the normal Lacertilia. Distinguished externally from all
Indian Geclvnidce by the presence of connivent eyelids, another
character in which they agree with the normal Lacertilia.

Only three genera are known, viz. PsUodactijlus (AVest Africa),
Euhlepharvi (Southern Asia and Central America), and Coleonyx
(Central America).

Genus EUBLEPHARIS,
Gray, Phil. Mag. (2) ii, 1827, p. oG.

Digits short and cylindrical, with a row of lamellne below,
clawed, the claws only partially retractile into a small sheath.
Pupil vertical. Males with pra^anal pores.

Distribution. Southern Asia ; Central America, and Southern
North America.

I'ive species ai"e known, three of which are American.

Sifnopsis of Indian Species.

Dorsal tubercles broader than interspaces E. hardwicJcii, p. 107.

Dorsal tubercles not broader than interspaces. ... J?, niactilarius, p. 108.

112. Eublepharis hardwickii.

Eublepharis hardwickii, Grai/, Phil. Mat/. (2) ii, p. 56; Giinth. Pepf.

B. I. p. 110, pi. xi, tig. 13 ; Tlievh. Cat. p. 94 ; Buuleny. Cat. Liz. i,

p. 231.
Gymuodactvlus lunatns, Blyfh, in Ca7itor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847,

p. (J33 ; id. xxiii, 185^, p. 210.

Body stout; limbs rather short; digits short. Snout as long as
distance between orbit and ear-opening ; the latter large, suboval,
vertical. Head covered with irregular polygonal scales, intermixed
with enlarged tubercles on the temple and occiput ; rostral sub-
pentagonal, twice as broad as high, with median cleft above ; 3 or 4
internasals ; about 10 upper aud as many lower labials ; mental
broadlv pentagonal, in contact with two enlarged chin-shields,
surrounded by irregular smaller ones passing gradually into the
flat granules of the gular region. Body covered above with small,
irregular, flat scales, intermixed with numerous roundish, subconical
tubercles ; these tubercles larger than the interspaces between
them. Male with 14 to 18 prajaual pores. Tail swollen, rounded,
tapering at the end, verticillated, above with small flat scales
and rows of enlarged subconical tubercles, beneath with larger
flat scales arranged regularly. Above reddish brown and cream-
coloured ; the former colour occupies the head and forms two

108

EUBLEPHARID^.

broad bands across tlie back, the anterior broadest, and three
round the tail ; the Latter borders the upper lip and extends as a
horseshoe-shaped band to the other side, passing across the neck ; it
also occupies the interspace between the dorsal and caudal brown
bands, which are by far the widest ; lower surfaces white.

Total length S inches.

Hah. Bengal, Central and Southern India.

113. Euhlepharis macularius.

Cyrtodactylusmacularius, Bh)t]t, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854, p. 738.
Eiiblepharis fasciolatus, Giinth. A. M. N, H. (3) xiv, 1864, p. 42.9.
Eiiblephai'is macularius, Tltenb. Cut. p. 94 ; Murray, Zool. Sind,

p. .'iUn ; BdnleiKj. Cat. Liz. i, p. '2'V2.
Eublepbaris hardwickii {nun Gray)^ Murray, I. c.

" ."•* " - ?

Fig. 33. — Euhlepharis macularius.

Differs from the preceding by the smaller and less numerous
tubercles, the granular interspaces being as wide as the iubercles
themselves ; these are subconical or slightly keeled. Body and
digits rather more elongate ; 9 to 14 pra^anal pores in the male.
Young with five chestnut-brown transverse bands from head to
sacrum, slightly broader than their interspaces, which are whitish,
and similar bands forming rings on the tail. In the adult these
bands usually become more indistinct, and the head and body are
spotted or largely vermiculated M'ith chestnut-bro\\n and whitish ;
ni some, only the brown edges of the dorsal bands remain.

Total length 8 inches ; grows to nearly a foot long, according to
Theobald.

Hah. Punjab and Sind ; also recently found in the ruins of
Nineveh.

Both this and the preceding species are regarded as highly
poisonous by the natives, and the name " Bis-Cobra " is often
applied to them ; (though more commonly used for young Varani).

AGAMID^.

109

Family III. AGAMID.E.

Skull with bony postorbital and postfrouto-squamosal arches, the
first-named formed by the frontal and the jiii^al, the hitter by the
postfrontal and the squamosal ; supratemporal fossa not roofed
over ; preemaxillary single ; nasals distinct ; parietal siugle ; a
fibro-cartilaginous "interorbital septum ; a columella cranii. Teeth
anchylosed to the parapet of the jaws (Acrodont dentition), usually
unequal in size or divisible into incisors, canines *, and molars ;

pm.

A.

c.a.

A. Side view.
ang. Angular,
ar. Articular.
hp. Basiphenoid.
cr. Coronoid.
d. Deutary.
eo. Exoccipital.
f. Frontal.
is. Interorbital septum.

Fig. 34. — Skull of Calotes jiibatus.

B. Upper view.

/. Jugal.

m. Maxillary.

n. Nasal.

p. Parietal.
pi. Palatine.
pm. Prismaxillarj-.
prf. Prtefroutal.

jd. Pterygoid.

C. Lower view.
ptf. Postfrontal.
q. Quadrate.
s.ang. Supra-angular,
so. Supraoccipital.
sq. Squamosal.
St. Supratemporal.
tp. Transpalatine.
V. Vomer.

* Canines are absent in Uromastix.

110

AGAMID^.

uo teeth ou the palate. No dermal ossifications on the head or
body. Clavicle slender, not dilated ; interclavicle T'S'i'iptjd or
anchor- shaped.

Fig. 35. — Pectoral arch of Calotcs jubatus.

cl. Clavicle, cor. Coracoid. id. Interclavicle. st. Sternum.

e.cor. Epicoracoid. sc. Scapula.

Tongue short or moderate, thick, not or but slightly nicked
anteriorly, villose. Eye small, pupil round ; eyelids well developed.
Ear distinct or hidden. Scales usually imbricate ; no symmetrical
shields on the crown ; ornamental appendages, such as crests, gular
pouches, &c., frequently present. Limbs well developed. Eemoral
pores aljsent in most of the genera. Tail usually long and not
fragile.

Agamoids are mostly oviparous. Pla-ynocephalus is reported
to be ovoviviparous. Many of the Indian forms are arboreal, and
exhibit to a remarkable degree the rapid changes of colour so well
known in the Cameleons.

Members of this family inhabit Africa, Asia, Australia, and
Polynesia ; both the species and genera are most numerous in the
Indian Region, of the Beptile fauna of which they, and especially
the arboreal forms, form one of the typical features.

Synopsis of Indian, Ccyhnese, and Burmese Genera.

A. No femoral pores.

a. Ribs much prolonged, supporting a

wiug-like dermal expansion Deaco, p. 111.

h. No wing-like lateral expansion,
a. Body not depressed.

a". Four toes only Sitana, p. 114.

h". Five toes.

«. Tympanum hidden.

a. Fifth toe short, not longer

than first ; no dorsal crest. . OxoCRvrTis, p. 115.
(■i' . Three parallel longitudinal
folds on each side of the
middle of the throat, curved
and converging backwards,
forming a U-shaped figure. . 1''tyctol^mus, p. IIG.

DRACO. Ill

y'. A dorsal crest ; scales very-
large, subequal, irregular ;

tail prehensile Cophotis, p. 117.

S'. No dorsal crest ; a large rostral
appendage, at least in the

male Cebatophora, p. ] 18.

e'. A dorsal crest ; a V-shaped
gular fold ; a bony supra-
orbital arch Lyriocephalus, p. li'l.

('. A dorsal crest ; an oblique fold

in front of the shoulder. . . . Japaluka, p. 1:21).
^. Tympanum exposed.

a. A strong fi>ld across tlie

throat Gonyocephalus, p. 122.

13'. No fold across the throat ;
dorsal scales unequal ; no

gular pouch Acanthosauea, p. 124.

y'. No fold acro-ss the throat;

dorsal scales large, unequal ;

males with a gular pouch . . Salea, p. 131.

8'. No fold, or a very feeble one,

across the throat; dorsal

scales equal Oalote.s, p. 132.

b'. Body more or less depressed.

a". Typanum exposed; males without

callous pra^anal scales Chabasia, p. 144.

b". Tymx)anum exposed; males with

callous prasanal scales Agama, p. 146.

c". Tympanum concealed Phrynocephalus, p. 152.

B. Femoral pores present.

a. Tail long, round, feebly depressed,

covered with small, equal scales. Liolepis, p. 156.
h. Tail with whorls of large, spinose

scales Uromastix, p. 157.

Genus DEACO,
Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 358, 1766.

Body depressed, with a large lateral wing-like meuibraue,
folding like a fan, supported by the last five or six ribs which are

Fig. 36. — Heads of Draco maculatus and Draco dussumieri.

much produced. A gular appendage, and a lateral smaller one on
each side. Tympanum distinct or covered with scales. Tail long.
j\o femoral or prseanal pores.

Distribution. The greater part of the Oriental region.

112 AGAMID^.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Species.

A. Nostrilslateral, directed outwards; tympanum

covered witli scales D. maculatus, p. 112.

B. Nostrils pierced vertically, directed upwards ;

tympanum naked.

a. The hind limb, stretched forwards, does not

reach beyond the axil.
a'. Tym])anum snuxUer tlian the eye-ojieninji- ;

win<j-meuibraues above marbled with

darli brown, with lighter s]30ts and

lines, immaculate below ; male with a

nuchal fold D. hlanfordii, p. 112.

v. Tympanum as large as the eye-openinpr ;

wing-membranes black above with

round light spots, below with a series

of large black s]iots near the margin . . D. dussumieri, p. 113.

b. The adpressed hind limb reaches beyond

the axil. Wing-membranes above with
5 transverse black bands, below without
markings D. tcemopterus, p. 113.

114. Draco maculatus.

Dracunculus maculatus, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 236.

Draco maculatus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 645 ; Gi'mth. Rept.

B. I. ]). 12o, pi. xiii, hg. C ; Theoh. Cat. p. 97 ; Botdeny. Cat. Liz.

i, p. 262.

Head small ; snout a little longer than the diameter of the orbit ;
nostril lateral, directed outwards ; tympanum scaly. Upper head-
scales unequal, strongly keeled ; a compressed prominent scale ou
the posterior part of the superciliary region ; 7 to 11 upper labials.
The male's gular appendage very large, aluays much longer thau
the head, and frequently twice as long ; female also with a well-
developed but smaller gular sac. Male with a very small nuchal crest.
Dorsal scales but little larger than the ventrals, irregular, smooth
or very feebly keeled ; on each side of the back a series of large
triliedral keeled distant scales. The fore limb stretched forwards
reaches beyond the tip of the suout ; the adpressed hind limb
reaches a little beyond the elbow of the adpressed fore limb, or to
the axilla. Greyish above, with more or less distinct darker
markiugs ; a more or less distinct darker interorbital spot ; wing-
membranes aboAe with numerous small round black spots, which
are seldom coiifluent, beneath immaculate or with a few black
spots ; a blue spot on each side of the base of the gular appendage.

From snout to vent 3'25 inches ; tail 4-5.

Hah. From Assam and Yunnan to Singapore.

115. Draco blaufordii.

Draco major (non Laur.), Blauf. J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 125.
Draco blanfordii, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 267, pi. xx, tig. 7.

Head small, snout constricted, slightly longer than the diameter of
the orbit ; nostril directed upwards, perfectly vertical ; tympanum

DEACO. 113

naked, smaller than the eye-openuig. Upper head-scales unequal,
keeled ; a prominent tubercle at the posterior corner of the orbit ;
9 upper labials. The male's gular appendage longer than the head,
A'ery thin, covered with large scales. Male v.ith a slight nuchal
fold. Dorsal scales equal, smooth or very feebly keeled, not larger
than ventrals ; a series of widely separated enlarged keeled scales
along side of back. The fore limb stretched forwards extends
considerably beyond the tip of the snout ; the adpressed hind limb
nearly reaches the axil. Grey-brouu above, with small dark spots ;
wing-membranes above marbled with, dark brown, with lighter spots
and lines, beneath immaculate ; throat unspotted, greenish, pale
scarlet beneath the lateral wattles.

Prom snout to vent 4-7o inches ; tail i>. The largest species of
the geuus.

Hub. Tenasserim.

IK). Draco dussumieri.

Draco dussumitri, Dnm. ^- Bibr. Erp. Gen. iv, p. 4;o6 ; Gilnth. Rept.
B. I. p. 125, pi. xiii, tig. D ; Theob. Cat. p. 97 ; Boulenr/. Cat, Liz,
i, p. 268.

Head small ; snout constricted, as long as the diameter of the
orbit ; nostril directed upwards, perfectly vertical ; tympanum
naked, as large as the eye-opening. Upper head-scales unequal,
keeled ; a spinose conical scale at the posterior corner of the orbit ;
9 to 12 upper labials, the last twice or thrice as large as the
preceding. The male's gular appendage much longer than the head.
Male with a slight nuchal fold. Dorsal scales scarcely larger than
ventrals, unequal, smooth or very slightly keeled ; on each side of
the back a series of small tubercular prominences, each being com-
posed of seA'eral small scales. Tlie fore limb stretched forwards
extends beyond the tip of tlie snout ; the adpressed hind limb
reaches the axil or not quite so far. Grey-brown above ; a series
of more or less distinct dark circles on the back ; wing-membranes
above purplish black, enclosing round light spots, below with a series
of large black spots near the margin ; throat with irregular dark
spots.

From snout to vent 3 inches ; tail -4-75.

Hah, Malabar, Cochin, Travancore, in forests and plantations of
cocoa-nut and betel- nut palms. Peculiar to the low country near
the west coast,

117. Draco tseniopterus.

Draco tEeniopterus, Gilnth. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 187, and Rept. B. I,
p. 126, pi. xiii, tig. E ; Theob. Cat. p. 98 ; Boulemj. Cat. Liz. 1,
p. 269.

Head small ; snout as long as the diameter of the orbit ; nostril
directed upwards, perfectly vertical ; tympanum naked, smaller
than the eye-opening. Upper head-scales unequal, strongly keeled ;
6 to 9 upper labials. The male's gular appendage slightly longer

I

114 AGAMID^.

than the head, covered with very large scales. Male with a slight
nuchal fold. Dorsal scales equal, very feebly keeled, not larger
than ventrals ; a more or less distinct lateral series of enlarged
keeled distant scales. The fore limb stretched forwards extends
considerably beyond the tip of the snout ; tlie adpressed hind limb
reaches beyond the axil. Greyish or brownish above, with me-
tallic gloss, without distinct spots ; wing-membranes above witli
5 arched transverse black bands, about as wide as the interspaces
between them ; some of these bands may be forked at the base
or enclose large light spots ; wng-membranes uniform below.

From snout to vent 2-75 inches ; tail 5*25.

Hah. Tenasserim and Siam.

Genus SITANA,
Cuvier, Regne Au. 2ud ed. ii, p. 43, 1829.

Body slightly compressed, limbs long.
Fifth toe absent. Scales all keeled, re-
gular, smallest on the flanks. No dorsal
crest. Male with a sliglit nuchal fold
and a large folding gular appendage
extending backwards to the belly and
covei-ed with large scales. No gular
fold. Ear exposed. No prseanal or
femoral pores.

Distribution. India ; Ceylon. A single

Fig. 37.— Foot of species.
Sitana ponttceriana.

118. Sitana ponticeriana.

Sitana ponticeriana, C'uv. Rcgne Ati. ed. 2, ii, p. 43 : Gilnth. Eept.

B. I. p. IS.) ; Theoh. Cat. p. 102 ; Boulctu/. Cat. Liz. i, p. 270.
Sitana minor, Gilnth. I. c. pi. xiv, fig. A.
Sitana deccanunsis, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 7G.

Upper head-scales small, sharply keeled ; canthus rostralis and
supraciliary edge sharp, with much enlarged scales. Dorsal scales
larger than ventrals, with sharp keels forming straight longitudinal
lines ; lateral scales smallest, uniform or intermixed with scattered
enlarged ones. Limbs above with uniform strongly keeled scales.
The length of the limbs varies very much : in some specimens the
hind limb stretched forwards does not extend beyond the orbit, in
others it reaches the end of the snout or even considerably beyond.
Tail round, slender, once and a half to twice as long as the head
and body, covered with equal keeled scales. Olive-brown above,
with a series of rhomboidal spots along the middle of the back ;
a more or less distinct light band along each side of the back.
Gular appendage tricoloured — blue, black, and red ; this appendage

OTOCRTPTIS.

115

is more developed in the breeding-season, and in the majority of
individnals, at all events, is not coloured at other times.

Prom snout to vent 3-2 inches ; tail 4'6.

Hah. India from the base of the Himalayas to Cape Comorin,
and from the Punjab and Cutch (not Sind) to Western Bengal ;
Ceylon,

Mr. Blanford, who lias observed thousands of specimens, confirms
Jerdon's statement that Sitana is purely a ground-lizard ; it is
found in open country as well as in woods.

No dorsal crest.

Genus OTOCRYPTIS,

Wiegmann, Isis, 1831, p. 293.

Body compressed, limbs very long. Fifth toe very short, not
longfei' than first. All the scales keeled, the dorsals heterogeneous.
No gular fold. Male with a low nuchal crest
and a large folding gular appendage ex-
tending backwards to the belly, and
covered with large scales. Ear concealed.
No praeanal or femoral pores.

Distrihutioa. Ceylon, Southern India.
Two species.

This genus, as regards the structure of
the foot, is intermediate between Sitana,
in which the fifth toe is absent, and
Pt)/dolcemus, in which it is much elongate,
as shown in figures 37, 38, and 39. In
spite of its hidden tympanum, Otocryptis is, on the whole, more
nearly allied to Sitana tliau to Ptyctolcemus.

Fig. 38.
Foot of Otocryptis beddomii

Synopsis of the Species.

No pit at side of neck .
A pit at sido of ueck .

O. bivittata, p. 115.
O. beddomii, p. IIG.

119. Otocryptis bivittata.

Otocrvptis bivittata, Wierpn. Isis, 1831, p. 293; Gilntk. Rept. B, 1.
p. 127 ; Theob. Cat. p. 98 ; Botdejig. Cat. Liz. i, p. 271.

Upper liead-scales sharply keeled ; canthus rostralis and supra-
ciliary edge sharp, with much eidarged scales ; supi-aorbital scales
large, the inner series forming, with some enlarged scales on the
snout, a regular /\ -shaped figure ; iuterorbital region with four or
five longitudinal series of very small scales ; 9 to 11 upper and as
many lower labials. Dorsal scales unequal, the enlarged ones
sometimes forming regular longitudinal series ; lateral scales small,

i2

116 AGAMID.i;.

with scattered enlarged ones ; ventral scales lai-ger than dorsals.
Limbs covered with large subequal scales ; the hind limb stretched
forwards reaches far beyond the tip of the snout, the heel reaching
the eye or the posterior border of the orbit. Tail round, slender,
2| times as long as head and body, covered with equal strongly
keeled scales. Brownish olive above, sides darker ; a dark-brown,
light-edged cross baud between the eyes, and more or less distinct
dark cross bands along the middle of the back ; generally a light
oblique band from below the eye to the angle of the mouth ; males
generally with a light band along each side of the back ; limbs
and tail with, more or less distinct dark cross bars ; lower surfaces
whitish, the throat brownish in the females and young.

From snout to vent 2-(5 inches ; tail 7.

Hab. Ceylon.

120. Otocryptis heddoniii.

Otocryptis beddomii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 272, pi. xxiii, lig. 1.

Head-scales as in the precednig, but the interorbitals only
a little smaller than the others, in tuo or three longitudinal
series ; the A -shaped figure fonned by the keels of some of the
scales generally indistinct ; canthus rostralis less prominent ; 9 or
10 upper and as many lower labials. A small pit on each side of
the neck, in front of the shoulder. Dorsal scales tmequal, the en-
larged ones sometimes forming regular chevrons on the bacl\, M'ith
the point directed backwards, or a lateral longitudinal series, the
latter always distinct on the sacral region ; lateral scales a little
smaller, with scattered enlarged ones ; ventral scales much larger
than dorsals. Limbs above wi\\\ large equal keeled scales ; the
hind limb stretched forwards reaches beyond the tip of the snout,
the heel reaches the tympanum. Tail round, slender, not twice as
long as head and body, covered with equal strongly keeled scales.
Light bro\^nish olive above, uniform, or with small scattered dark-
brown spots on the back aiid limbs ; a more or less distinct light
dark-edged oblique band from below the eye to the mouth ; lower
stirfaces whitish, the throat browiiish in the young.

Erom snout to vent 1-75 iuches ; tail .'3.

Hah. tSivagiri Grhat, Tinnevelly, 8. India. Found on grass at an
elevation of about 4300 feet.

Genus PTYCTOL^MUS,

Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 18G4, p. 380.

Body compressed. Fifth toe much longer than first. All the
scales keeled, the dorsals heterogeneous. No dorsal crest. Three
parallel longitudinal folds on each side of the middle of the throat,
curved and converging backv^ards, forming a U~^^''''P6^^ figure.
Ear concealed. No prajaual or femoral pores.

A single species.

COPHOTIS. 117

121. Ptyctolaemus gularis.

Otocrvptis (PtTctolsemus) gularis, Peters, MB. Ah. JSerl. 1864,

p. 386.
Ptyctolaemus gularis, Bouleyiy. Cat. Liz. i, p. 273.

Fig. 30. — lliroat and foot o^ Pfycfola^mis gitlaris.

Head rather elongate, the snout longer tliau the diameter of the
orbit ; canthus rostralis and supraeiliary edge angular ; upper head-
scales unequal, keeled; 8 upper and as many lower labials. A
slight indication of a nuchal crest ( $ ). Dorsal and lateral scales
small, feebly keeled, with some irregularly scattered enlarged and
strongly keeled ; ventrals larger, strongly keeled. Limbs above
with subequal scales ; the hind limb stretched forwards reaches
the posterior border of the orbit ; fifth toe as long as third. Tail
roundish, slender, a little more than twice as long as head and
body, coA^ered with subequal keeled scales. Olive-brown above,
with darker transverse spots ; two curved dark-brown cross bands,
separated by a light one of equal width, between the eyes; an oblique
dark-brown band from below the eye to the angle of the mouth ;
limbs and tail above with dark cross bands ; the skin in the gular
folds black.

From snout to vent 2"75 inches ; tail 6'25.

Hah. Only two specimens of this lizard are known : the type in
the Berlin Museum, which I have examined, said to be from Cal-
cutta ; tlie other, in the British Museum, is from Sadiva, in Assam.

Genus COPHOTIS,
Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1861, p. 1108.

Tympanum hidden. Body compressed, covered with large sub-
equal irregular scales. A dorsal crest. A very small gular sac in
both sexes ; a slight transverse gular fold. Tail prehensile. No
femoral or prceanal pores.

Two species are known, one inhabiting Ceylon, the other
Sumatra.

118

AGAMID^.

122. Cophotis ceylaiiica.

Cophotis ceylanica, Peters, MB. Ak. Bert. 1861, p. 1103 ; Gilnth.
Rept. B. I. p. 132, pi. xiii, fig. H ; Theoh. Cat. p. 100 ; Boulemj.
Cat. Liz. i, p. 275.

Snout nearly twice as long as diameter of orbit ; upper head-
scales rather large, unequal, tubercular; male with a small tubercle
on the tip of the snout ; 8 to 10 upper and as many lower labials ;
gular scales feebly keeled, smallest on the median line. Nuchal
crest composed of 3 or 4 lanceolate spines, the longest of which
about equals the diameter of the orbit ; dorsal crest non-continuous
with the nuchal, composed of 12 to 14 similar lobes separated from
one another ; in the female the lobes of the crest are shorter and
not raised, but bent sideways on the back. Dorsal scales very
large, irregular, imbricate, smooth or shortly keeled, the keels
pointing do\\nwards and backwards ; ventral scales small, lanceolate,
strongly keeled, mucronate. Scales on the limbs irregular,
keeled, some slightly spinose ; fingers and toes not very long,
third slightly shorter than fourth ; infradigital scales feebly
keeled ; the adpressed hind limb hardly reaches the axil. Tail
feebly compressed, covered with keeled scales w'hich are smaller
beneath ; its length is not once and a half that of head and body.
Olive above, with irregular dark-brown cross bands; a light,
reddish-brown to cream-coloured band from the end of the snout
on the upper lip to above the shoulder ; a cream-coloured spot
on the nape and a cross band of the same colour on the anterior
part of the back ; lower lip with a broad dark-brown margin ; .
more or less distinct oblique brown lines on the sides ; tail w ith
dark annuli.

From snout to vent 2*6 inches ; tail 2*9.

Hah. Ceylon.

Genus CERATOPHORA,

Gray, lU. Ind. Zool. ii, 1834.

Tympanum hidden. Body more or less compressed, covered with
unequal scales. No dorsal crest ; a nuchal crest present or absent.
No gular sac ; no gular fold. A large rostral appendage, at least
in the males. No femoral or pra^anal pores.

Ceylon.

Sijnopsis of the Sjyecies.

(I. Oular scales larger than the ventrals, smooth ;
lateral scales large, unequal ; rostral appen-
dage scaleloss C. stoddartH, p. lll>.

h. Gular scales larger than the ventrals, feebly
keeled ; lateral scales large, equal ; rostral
appendage scaly C. tennentii, p. 120.

CERATOPIIORA. 119

c. Gular scales smaller than the ventrals, strongly
keeled ; lateral scales small ; rostral appen-
dage scaly C. aspera, p. 120.

123. Ceratophora stoddartii.

Ceratophora stoddartii, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. W, pi. Ixviii, fig. 2 j
KelaaH, Prodr. p. 165 ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 129, pl. xiii, fig. F ;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 277.

Lyriocephalus stoddartii, Theoh. Cat. p. 99.

Fig. 40. — Head of Ceratophora stoddartii.

Upper head-scales small, irregular, keeled or tubercular ; occiput
concave, with a short raised ridge ou each side ; interorbital space
concave ; rostral appendage scaleless, flexible, pointed ; its length
varies considerably and it is short or entirely absent in the female ;
10 to 12 upper and 9 or 10 lower labials. Gular scales smooth,
large, subquadrangular, forming regular longitudinal series, those
on the median line smaller. A low denticulated nuchal crest.
Dorsal scales irregular and unequal in size, those on the sides large,
strongly imbricate, and pointing upwards and backwards, intermixed
with smaller ones ; some of the dorsal scales feebly keeled, the
others smooth ; ventral scales small, smooth or feebly keeled.
Limbs above with unequal keeled scales ; the adpressed hind limb
reaches the posterior border of the orbit or not quite so far. Tail
slightly compressed, covered with equal keeled scales, intermixed
with a few enlarged ones at the base ; its length is once and two
thirds to twice that of head and body. Olive above, with more
or less distinct irregular darker cross bars on the back and limbs ;
frequently a white streak behind the orl)it and a white spot or
longitudinal band on the side of the neck ; a white line along the
hinder side of the thigh ; rostral appendage and throat white (in
spirit).

From snout to vent 3*25 inches : tail 6-7.

Hah. Ceylon (only the alpine parts).

120 AG AMI D^.

124. Ceratophora tennentii.

Ceratopliora tennentii, (?»«fA. w Tennent, Nat. Hist. Ce///. p. 281,

fig. ; id.Rept. B. I. p. 130 ; Boulemj. Cat. Liz. i,p. 278.
Lyriocephalus tenueuti, Thcoh. Cat. p. 99.

Upper head-scales small, irregular, keeled ; interorbital space and
occiput slightly concaA^e ; a short raised ridge on each side of the
occiput ; rostral appendage large in both sexes, fleshy, compressed,
suboval, covered with small scales and granules; 10 upper and 9
or 10 lower labials. Gular scales feebly keeled, large, subquadran-
gular, forming regular longitudinal series, those on the median
line smaller. A low denticulated nuchal crest. Upper dorsal
scales irregular and unequal in size, the larger ones feebly keeled ;
lateral scales equal, large, strongly imbricate, and pointing upwards
and backwards, smooth or very feebly keeled ; ventral scales smaller,
keeled. Limbs above with subequal keeled scales ; the adpressed hind
limb reaches the eye or a little beyond. Tail shghtly compressed,
covered with equal keeled scales ; its length not quite twice that of
head and body. Olive above, irregularly marbled with bro\vnish ;
young with more distinct brown markings, always with an angular
cross band between the eyes, sometimes with light longitudinal lines;
a more or less distinct white line along the hinder side of the
thighs.

From snout to vent 3'5 inches ; tail 6*7.

Hah. Ceylon.

125. Ceratophora aspera.

Ceratophora aspera, Gilnth. Kept. B. I. p. 131, pi. xiii, fig. G; Boideng.

Cat. Liz. i, p. 278.
Lyriocepbalus asper, Tlieob. Cat. p. 100.

Upper head-scales small, irregular, tubercular ; interorbital space
deeply concave ; occiput with, a pair of low ridges, convergent an-
teriorly ; rostral appendage large in the male, cylindrical, pointed,
covered with small imbricate strongly keeled scales, absent or rudi-
mentary in the feuiale; 10 to 12 upper and as many lower labials.
Gular scales smaller than ventrals, very strongly keeled. Xo nuchal
crest. Dorsal scales small, irregular, unequal, strongly keeled ;
ventral scales larger, very strongly keeled. Limbs above with
strongly keeled unequal scales ; digits very strongly keeled ; fiftli
toe shorter than third ; the adpressed hind linib reaches between
the shoulder and the orbit. Tail not compressed, covered with
subequal strongly keeled scales; its length not more than Ig times
that of head and body. Brown, with lighter and darker mark-
ings or longitudiiuil lines ; generally a rhoiiibic mark on the sacral
region ; males wiih. a large white spot or cross band on the gular
region.

From snout to vent 1*75 inches ; tail 1-S.

Hah. Ceylon.

LTEIOCEPHALTIS.

121

Genus LYRIOCEPHALUS,

Merrem, Teat. Syst. Ampb. p. 49, 1820.

Tympanum hidden. Body compressed, covered ^vitll small scales
intermixed with enlarged ones. A nuchal and a dorsal crest. A
gular sac and a V-shaped gular fold, xldult with a glohular hump
on the nose. ]Vo femoral or praeanal pores.

Prse- and post-orbital bones forming an arch limiting a supra-
orbital fossa.

Distributmi. Ceylon.

Fig. 41. — Skull of Lyrioccphahis sctitaitis, upper and side views.

126. Lyriocephalus scutatus.

Ijacerta sentata, Linn. Si/sf. Kaf. i, p. 300.

Lviiocephalus scutatus, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 166 ; Gi'mth. Rept. B. I.

'p. 128 ; rheoh. Cat. p. 99 ; Boideny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 281.
Lyriocephalus macgregorii, Gray, 111. Lid. Zool.u, pi. Ixviii, fig. 1.

Eostral hump large and globular in the adult, absent in the
young, covered with subequal smooth scales ; canthus rostralis
and supraciliary edge sharp, projecting, the latter ending behind
in a triangular compressed spine ; a pair of small spines on the
occiput ; upper head-scales irregular, vuiequal, feebly keeled ;
temple granular, with enlarged tubercles ; 14 or 15 upper and as
many lower labials. Gular sac large in the male, small in the
female ; gular scales larger than ventrals, keeled, those on the gular
sac separated by granules. Body strongly compressed. A low
nuchal crest, formed of a cutaneous fold with small triangular
scales forming a denticulation. Dorsal crest composed of small
triangular compressed tubercles, separated from one another. Dor-
sal scales very small, smooth, intermixed with flat, smooth or feebly
keeled tubercles which, on the nape, and sometimes also on the
back, form regular longitudinal s(n'ies ; these tubercles irregularly

122 AGAMID^,

scattered on the flanks. Ventral scales modei'ate, strongly keeled.
Limbs with keeled scales, with enlarged tubercles on the thighs ;
the adpressed hind limb reaches the neck or the temple. Tail
strongly compressed, with a crest similar to the dorsal ; upper cau-
dal scales unequal, feebly keeled, lower equal and strongly keeled ;
the length of the tail nearly equals that of the head and body.
Grreenish above, whitish beneath.

From snout to vent 7 inches ; tail 7.

Hah, The Kandian provinces.

Genus GONYOCEPHALUS,
Kaup, Isis, 1825, p. 590.

Tympanum distinct. Body compressed. Dorsal scales small,
uniform or intermixed with enlarged ones. A dorsal crest. A
stroDg transverse gular fold. Males with a gular sac. No prseanal
or femoral pores.

Distribution. East Indies, Papnasia, Polynesia, North-easteru
Australia.

25 species are known, only four of which liave to be dealt with in
this work.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Species.

A. Ventral and gular scales keeled.

a. Limbs above with subequal scales ; longest

spines of iiuclial crest shorter than greatest

diameter of tympanum G. suhcristatus, p. 122.

h. Limbs above with unequal scales ; nuchal

crest much higher than dorsal G. hmnii; p. 123.

B. Ventral scales keeled, gulars smooth G. hcUii, p. 123.

C. Ventral and gular scales smooth G. (jrandis, p. 124.

127. Gonyocephalus subcristatus.

Tiaris subcristata, Blytli, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1801, p. 100 ; Theuh. Cat.

p. 112.
Gonyocephalus subcristatus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 292.

tSnout longer than diameter of orbit ; cauthus rostralis and su])ra-
ciliary edge sharp ; tympanum nearly as large as eye-opening ;
upper head-scales of unequal size, strongly keeled ; a few enlarged
tubercles on back of head ; 7 or 8 upper and as many lower labials.
Gular sac very small ; gular scales smaller than ventrals, keeled.
Nuchal crest not continuous with dorsal, formed of triangular
spines, the longest of which measures less than diameter of eye-
opening, inserted on a slight fold of the skin ; dorsal crest a serrated
ridge. Dorsal scales small, keeled, the points directed up\\ards and
backwards, a few scales enlarged, irregidarly scattered ; ventral
scales rather small, strongly keeled. Limbs above with subequal
keeled scales; third and foiu'th fingers equal; the adpressed hind limb

GOKrOCEPHALUS. 123

reaches the anterior border of the orbit, or between the latter and
the nostril. Tail strongly compressed, with serrated npper edge,
with keeled scales which are larger interiorly ; the length of the
tail a little more than twice that of head and body. Brown or
olive above, spotted or reticulated with black on the sides ; some-
times a light, dark-edged band along each side of the back.

From snout to vent 3'25 inches ; tail 8.

Hah. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

128. Gonyocephalus humii.

Tiaris humei, StoUczka, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1873, p. 167.
Gonyocephalus humii, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. \, p. 294,

Near G. suhcristatihs, but with the crest very much more deve-
loped ; the nuchal crest considerably higher than the dorsal.
General coloration greenish olive, on the top of the head brownish ;
sides of the entire body more or less distinctly and rather densely
reticulated and spotted with black and yellow ; sides of head and
neck and the gular sac tinged with purplish blue, labials spotted
with blue ; chin mostly yellow.

Head and body 4-4 inches ; tail 11.

Hah. Tilliugchang Island, Nicobars. I have not seen examples
of this species.

129. Gonyocephalus hellii.

Lophyrus bellii, Dam. ^- Bibr. Erp. Gen. iv, p. 410 ; Peters, MB.

Ak. Berl. 1807, p. 16.
Gonyocephalus bellii, Bouleng. Cat. Lh. i, p. 288.

Ty]npanum nearly covered with scales. Upper head-scales
small, keeled ; two subconical tubercles on the occiput. Gular sac
small, without serrated anterior edge ; gular scales equal, smooth.
Nuchal and dorsal crests continuous, commencing on the occiput ;
the crest is composed of lanceolate spines with two or three rows
of smaller keeled spines on each side at its base, which gradually
decrease in size on the back. Dorsal scales small, keeled, with the
points turned upwards and backwards, intermixed with enlarged
scales irregularly scattered ; ventral scales strongly keeled. The
adpressed hind limb reaches nearly the tip of the snout. Tail com-
pressed, anteriorly with serrated upper edge ; its length more than
twice that of head and body. Brownish above, whitish-spotted ;
crest greenish grey ; tail with regular dark annuli.

iVom snout to vent (! inches ; tail 13.

Hah. The type specimen in the Paris Museum was stated to be
from Beugal. A second specimen has since been received by the
Berlin Museum from Ca])t. von Orlich, together with other lieptiles
from Bengal.

124 AGAMID^.

130. Gonyocephalus grandis.

Dilophyrus pfrandis, Gray, Cat. Lt. p. 239 ; C'atifor, J. A. S. B. xvi,
1847, p. 040, pi. XX ; Gunth. Repf. B. I. p. 136 ; Theob. Cat. p. 103.
Gonyocephalus gTandis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 298.

Snout longer than diameter of orbit; cantlius rostralis and
supraciliary edge sharp, projecting ; tympanum nearly as large as
eye-opening ; upper head-scales very small, bluntly keeled, enlarged
on the cauthus rostralis and the supraciliary and supraorbital
borders ; one or two enlarged tubercles on each side behind the
occiput ; 10 to 12 upper and as many lower labials. Gular sac
moderately large, witliout serrated anterior edge ; gular scales
smaller than ventrals, smooth. Xnchal and dorsal crests subcon-
tinuous, separated by a deep notch, composed of long lanceolate
spines united together, free only at the tips, with smaller triangular
smooth spines at the base : in the male, the height of the nuchal
crest nearly equals the length of the snout, and the dorsal crest is a
little lower ; in the female, the former is scarcely developed and
the latter is reduced to a slight serration. Dorsal scales very
small, with the points directed upwards and backwards ; ventral
scales rather small, smootli. Limbs above with equal smooth or
very feebly keeled scales ; third and fourth fingers equal ; the ad-
pressed hind limb reaches to between the eye and the tip of the
snout. Tail strongly compressed, with sharp serrated upper edge ;
caudal scales smooth, with two rows enlarged and strongly keeled
beneath ; the length of the tail about 2^ times that of head
and body. Brown or olive above, with or without darker cross
bands ; flanks with roundish yellow spots ; throat sometimes with
blue liues.

From snout to vent 6 inches ; tail 16.

Hah. Pegu, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. The occurrence
of this species in Pegu strongly needs confirmation.

Genus ACANTHOSAURA,

Gray, GrifF. A. K. ix, Syn. p. oO, 1831.

Tympanum distinct. Body generally compressed, limbs more or
less elongate. Dorsal scales laeterogeneous, small or moderate. A
dorsal crest. No gular fold, but a more or less distinct oblique
fold in front of the shoulder. No gular sac. No prasanal or
femoral pores.

Dhtrihution. South-eastern Asia. 9 species are known.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Species.

A. Nuclial crest separated from dorsal.

a. Spine between eye and tympanum ne:irlv

as long as diameter of orbit ./. armata, p. 125.

/;. The spine not more than half diameter of

orbit A. crucigcra, p. 125.

c. Postorbital spine \ to j diameter of orbit . . A. lamnidentata, p. 12().

ACANTHOSAUEA. 125

B. Nuclial and dorsal crests continuous.

«. A spiue on each side of neck A. minor, \\. 127.

b. No spine on side of uecli.

«'. Dorsal scales not very unequal in size . . A. kakJuenensiti, p. 127.

b'. Dorsal scales very unequal in size A. viajor, p. 126.

c .

A serrated ridge on each side of the neck,
parallel with the nuchal ridge A. trivarinuta, \). 12U.

181. Acanthosaiira armata.

Agama ariuata, Gnii/, Zool. Journ. iii, 1827, p. 2lG.
Acanthosaura arniata, Giinth. liept. B. 1. p. 148; Tlieuh. Cut.
p. 112 (?J ; Boulemj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 301, pi. xxii, fig. 1.

Suout as long as the diameter of the orbit, or slightly shorter ;
canthus rostralis aud supraciliary edge angular ; tympaiuuu nearly
as large as the eye-opeumg ; upper head-scales keeled, much larger
ou the supraorbital region; a long spine, measuring from three
fourths to one diameter of the orbit, terminates the supraciliary
edge; 11 to 13 upper aud V6 to 15 lower labials ; gular scales
strongly keeled, much smaller than the ventrals. An oblique
fold on each side of tbe neck, in front of the shoulder ; a large
spine, of the ^ame size as the postorbital, on each side of the nape
above the tympanum. Nuchal crest not continuous with the
dorsal, composed of large compressed spines, as long as the post-
orbital oues, with the base concealed by two or three rows of
smaller spines. Dorsal crest anteriorly as high as the nuchal, be-
coming \ery low^ behind. Dorsal scales extremely small, all with
the points directed upwards, intermixed with irregularly scattered,
enlarged, rhomboidal, strongly keeled scales ; ventral scales a
little larger than the enlarged dorsals, strongly keeled. Eore limb
aud tibia above with equal keeled scales, femur with unequal oues;
fourth finger very slightly longer than third ; the hind limb
stretched forwards reaches between the temple and the nostril.
Tail compressed, 1^ to 1| times as long as head and body, covered
with uniform strongly keeled scales, which are larger beneath.
Brownish abo\ e, with round lighter spots, or light with irregular
dark spots ; some dark lines radiate from the eye; an oblique dark
brown band down each side of the neck, from the interruption
between the nuchal and dorsal crests to the throat.

IVom snout to vent 5-4 inches ; tail 6'25.

Hab. Tenasserim (?), Malay Peninsula, Siam, Cochin China.

132. Acanthosaura crucigera.

Acanthosaura crucigera, Bouleng. Cat, Liz. i, p. 302, pi. xxii, fig. 2.

Snout as long as diameter of orbit ; canthus rostralis and supra-
ciliary edge angular ; tympanum smaller than eye-opening ; upper
head-scales rather feebly keeled, much larger on the supraorbital

126 AGAMID^.

region ; a spine, measuring one half the diameter of the orbit,
terminates the supraeiliary edge ; 9 or 10 upper and as many lower
labials ; gular scales strongly keeled, much smaller than the
veutrals. An oblique fold down each side of the neck, in front of
the shoulder ; a spine, the length of which does not exceed one half
the diameter of the orbit, on each side of the nape, above the tym-
panum. Nuchal crest not continuous with the dorsal, composed of
large compressed spines a little longer than the postorbital ones,
with the base concealed by two or three rows of smaller spines.
Dorsal crest much lower than the nuchal, gradually decreasing
in size, reduced posteriorly to a very feeble denticulation. Dorsal
scales not quite so small as in A. armata, with the point directed
upwards, intermixed with irregularly scattered, enlarged, rhom-
boidal, strougly keeled scales ; ventral scales larger than the enlarged
dorsals, strongly keeled. Eore limb and tibia above with equal
keeled scales, femur with unequal ones ; fourth finger very slightly
longer than third ; the adpressed hind limb reaches the anterior
border of the orbit in the female, the end of the snout in the male.
Tail compressed, neai-ly twice as long as head and body, covered
with uuiform strongly keeled scales, which are larger beneath.
Pinkish grey above, with brown spots and marblings enclosing
roundish light spots ; a large cruciform dark-brown marking on the
nape, the lateral branches descending along the antehumeral fold
to the throat ; eyelids and a streak from the end of the snout to the
tympanum, through the orbit, dark brown ; limbs and tail with
dark and light cross bands.

From snout to vent 3-8 inches ; tail 6-8.

Hab. Tenasserim.

133. Acantliosaura lamnidentata.

Acanthosaura lamnidentata, Bouleny. Cat. Liz, i, p. 302, pi. xxii, fig. 3.

Snout as long as diameter of orbit ; canthus rostralis and supra-
ciliary edge angular ; tympanum a little smaller than eye-opening ;
upper head-scales keeled, larger on the supraorbital region ; a
spine, measuring 5 to f the diameter of the orbit, terminates^ the
supraeiliary edge; 10 or 11 upper and 11 or 12 lower labials;
gular scales strougly keeled, smaller than the ventrals. An ob-
lique fold down each side of the neck, in front of the shoidder ; a
spine a little shorter than the postorbital on each side of the nape
above the tympanum. Nuchal crest not continuous with dorsal,
composed of compressed triangular scales, the longest of which equal
the postorbital spine ; spines at base of nuchal crest small. Dorsal
crest very low, formed of triangular scales, gradually decreasing
in size behind, where it is reduced to a slight denticulation. Dorsal
scales extremely small, with the points directed upwards, inter-
mixed with irregularly scattered, enlarged, rhomboidal, strongly
keeled scales ; ventral scales larger than the enlarged dorsals,
strongly keeled. Eore limb and tibia above with equal keeled

4

ACAKTHOSAUEA. 127

scales, femur Tvitli unequal ones ; fourth finger very slightly longer
than third ; the adpressed hind limb reaches the eye or the nostril.
Tail compressed, 1| or If times as long as head and body, covered
with uniform strongly keeled scales, which are larger beneath.
Brownish olive above, with roundish lighter spots, or with a
series of large dark-brown spots on each side of the back ; a
large dark-brown marking on the nape, in some specimens be-
coming: wider in front ; hind limbs and tail with dark transverse
bars.

From snout to vent 4-25 inches ; tail 6-8.

Hab. Pegu and Teuasserim. Perhaps only a variety of the
preceding.

134. Acanthosaura minor.

Calotes mlDor, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 244.

Oriocalotes minor, Giinth. MejA. B. I. p. 147.

Cbarasia minor, Theob. Cat. p. 113.

Acanthosaura minor, Bonleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 304, pi. xxiii, ii";. 2,

Snout a little longer than diameter of orbit ; canthus I'ostralis
and supraciliary edge angular ; tympanum smaller than eye-openiug;
upper head-scales keeled, of very irregular size, enlarged on the
supraorbital region ; a small spine, measuring a little less than
the vertical diameter of the tympanum, behind the supraciliary
edge ; two other similar spines on each side of the back of the
head, the foremost nearly equally distant from the tympanum and
the nuchal crest, the other just above the tympanum ; 7 or 8 upper
and as many lower labials. Gular scales a little smaller than the
ventrals. An oblique fold on each side of the neck, in front of
the shoulder. IS'uohal and dorsal crests continuous, low, reduced
to a serrated ridge on the back. Dorsal scales rather large, strongly
keeled, the upper with the points directed obliquely upwards and
backwards ; some enlarged scales are scattered on the sides ;
ventral scales very strongly keeled, smaller than dorsals. Limbs
above with subequal strongly keeled scales ; fourth finger very
slightly longer than third : the adpressed hind limb reaches between
the neck-fold and the temple. Tad scarcely compressed, nearly
twice as long as head and body, covered with uniform strongly
keeled scales, which are not larger beneath. Pale brownish olive
above, with irregular dark-brown spots or marblings, frequently
forming irregular cross bands ; several dark streaks radiate from
the eye ; throat with more or less distinct irregular dark trans-
verse lines.

Erom snout to vent 2-9 inches ; tail 5-8.

Hah. Sikhim and Khasi Hills.

13 5. Acanthosaura takhienensis.

Oriocalotes kakhieneusis, Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunna7i, p. 806, pi.

Ixxvi, fig. 1.
Acanthosam'a kakhienensis, Boideng. Cat. Liz. \, p. 305.

128 AGAMID^.

Cauthus rostralis and supraciliary ridge uot well defined ; upper
head-scales obtusely keeled, of diiierent sizes ; no spines on the head.
A slight fold above and in front of the shoulder. Xuchal crest com-
posed of six to eight triangular spines, disappearing a short way
behind the shoulders. Dorsal scales of moderate size, keeled ; those
on the side of the bacli directed upwards aud backwards, and those
below downwards and backwards ; a few large keeled scales scattered
over the sides ; scales of chest and belly of moderate size and strongly
keeled. The hind limb extends to the angle of the jaw. Base of
tail compressed, but thick aud somewhat rounded, (xeneral colour
above olive, irregularly variegated with brown aud yellow, these
colours haviug a tendency to arrange themselves in cross bauds ; a
broad black band from the posterior margin of the eye to the tym-
panum ; black streaks radiate from the eye ; under surface olive-
green.

Size of A. major.

Hah. Pousee, Kakhyen Hills, N. Burma. I have not seen ex-
amples of this species.

136. Acanthosaiira major.

Oriocalotes major, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 77.

Oharasia major, Theoh. Cat, p. 113.

Acauthosaura major, Boulewj. Cat. Liz. \, p. 306, pi. xxiii, tig. 3.

Snout louger than diameter of orbit; cauthus rostralis and
supraciliary edge angular ; tympanum a little larger than eye-
opening; upper head-scales unequal, keeled, a series of larger ones
bordering the supraorbital region inside ; no postorbital spine ; a
row of projecting triangular scales borders the head behind ; 7
upper and as many lower labials ; gular scales smaller than \'entrals,
feebly keeled. A rather indistinct oblique fold in front of the
shoulder. Nuchal aud dorsal crest continuous, reduced to a serrated
ridge. Dorsal scales, vei'y irregular, some very small, others very
large ; all are distinctly keeled, and the u])per have their points
directed upwards and backwards ; ventral scales distinctly keeled,
smaller than the largest dorsals. Limbs above with unequal keeled
scales ; fourth linger very slightly louger than third ; the adpressed
hind limb reaches the tympanum. Tail compressed, 1| times as
long as head aud body, covered with unequal keeled scales. Olive
above; back with six large angular blackish cross bands, with the
angles directed backward ; flanks reticulated with blackish ; head
above with blackish cross streaks ; an oblique black band from the
eye to the tympanum, continued along the side of the neck ; limbs
and tail with dark cross bars.

From snout to vent 3*7 inches : tail 6.

Hab. "Western Himalayas (Valley of the Sutlcj, near Kot-
garh).

JAPALUBA. 129

137. Acanthosaura tricar inata.

Calotes tricarinatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1854, p. 650.
Tiaiis elliotti, Gihith. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 151, pi. xxv, fig. B.
Oriotiaris elliotti, Gi'aith. Rept. B. I. p. I."i0.
Cliara.'^ia tricarinata, Theoh. Cat. p. 111.
Acanthosaura tricarinata, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. \, p. 306.

Snout slightly longer than diameter of orbit ; canthus rostralis
and supraeiliary edge angular; tympanum nearly as large as eye-
opening; upper head-scales unequal, feebly keeled, a series of
larger ones bordering the supraorbital region inside ; a conical
tubercle behind the supraeiliary edge; au oblique transverse row
of conical ribbed tubercles on each side, bordering the head behind ;
5 or 6 upper and as many lo«"er labials ; gular scales smaller than
ventrals, indistinctly keeled ; a conical tubercle below the tym-
panum. Oolique fold in front of the shoulder very indistinct.
Body not, or but very slightly, compressed. Nuchal and dorsal
crests continuous, reduced to a series of enlarged strongly keeled
scales ; another parallel series of enlarged scales on each side of
the nape, lost a short distance beyond the shoulder. Dorsal scales
very irregular, scarcely imbricate, smooth or feebly keeled; strongly
enlarged keeled scales are scattered on the flanks, and frequently
others form angular series across the back ; ventral scales as large
as the enlarged dorsals, feebly keeled. Limbs above with unequal
strongly keeled scales; fourth finger longer than third; the ad-
pressed hind limb reaches the eye or the tip of the snout. Tail
not compressed, twice to twice and a half as long as head and body,
covered with rather unequal keeled scales, lirownish grey or blue
above, imiform or with angular brown markings on the back ;
lateral nuchal denticulation broxAii-edged ; lower surfaces uniform
whitish or with small black dots.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 4*25.

Hah. Silikim, up to 9200 feet.

G«nus JAPALURA,
Gray, A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 185-3, p. 387.

Tympanum hidden. Dorsal scales heterogeneous. A dorsal
crest. Gular pouch small or absent. An oblique fold in front
of the shoulder ; gular fold present or absent. Tail feebly com-
pressed. No pra:anal or femoral pores.

Distribution. East Indies ; Southern China.

Of the 6 known species, one occurs in the Himalayas and
Eastern Bengal, and another in the Khasi Hills.

Syno^ysis of Indian Species.

Body comprepfed J. larieyata, p. 130.

Body svibquf.di angular ; back nearly flat J. phmidursata, p. 130.

K

130 AGAMIBiE.

138. Japalura variegata.

Japalura variegata, Gi-ay, A. M. N. H. (2) xii, p. 388 ; Giinth. Iicpt.

B. I. p. 183 ; Thcoh. Cat. p. 101 ; Bouleug. Cat. Liz. i, p. 308,

pi. xxiv, fig. 1.
Biancia niger, Gray, I. c. p. 387.
Japalura uiicrolepis, Jcrdo/i, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 76.

8nout a little longer than diameter of orbit ; canthus rostralis
sliarp ; upper head-scales irregular, sharply keeled ; a small tuber-
cular scale behind the supraciliary edge ; other scattered conical
scales ou the hind part of the head ; 9 to 11 up]:)er and as many
lower labials. Male with a very small gular pouch. A well-
developed nuchal crest. Body compressed, covered above and on
the sides with small keeled scales intermixed with larger ones, all
having their points obliquely directed upwards and backwards ;
dorsal crest a slight serrated ridge ; ventral scales as large as the
largest dorsals, strongly keeled. Limbs above with scales of
irregular size ; third and fourth fingers nearly equal ; fifth toe not
quite so long as third; the adpressed hind limb reaches the eye;
tibia shorter than the skull. Tail compressed, slender, 1| to 1|
times as long as head and body, covered above with unequal scales,
beneath with equal larger ones, the size of which does not exceed,
that of the ventral s ; all the caudal scales keeled. Olive-brown
above, generally with alternating broad dark and narrower light
chevron-shaped bands ou the body ; flanks reticulated ; a more
or less distinct light baud on the upper lip and along each side
of the neck ; tail with dark anuuli ; middle of the throat generally
black.

Prom snout to vent 4*3 inches ; tail 8.

Ilab. Sikhim and Eastern Bengal.

139. Japalura planidorsata.

Japalura planidorsata, Jcrdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 76 ; Tlieob. Cat.
p. lOii; Boulciig. Cat. Liz. i, p. 311, pi. xxiv, fig. 2.

Snout not or scarcely longer than diameter of orbit ; canthus
rostralis sharp ; u])per head-scales irregular, sharply keeled, the
largest on the supraorbital region ; a few conical scales on the
Innder border of the head ; 9 or 10 upper and as many lower
labials. Body subquadrangular, the back being plane, bordered bv
a slight ridge of enlarged scales on each side ; dorsal and lateral
scales very irregular, keeled, i)itermixed with enlarged ones which
on the back form 5 angular transverse series, with the angle directed
backwards ; a very slight serrated vertebral ridge ; ventral scales
as large as the largest dorsals, strongly keeled. Limbs above with
scales of irregular size ; fourth finger longer than third; fifth toe
as long as third ; the adpressed liind limb reaches the eye or a
little beyond the tip of the snout; tibia as long as, or slightly

SALEA. 131

shorter than, the skull. Tail slightly compressed, above with un-
c'(|iuil scales, beneath with equal larger ones, the size of which
does not exceed that of the veutrals ; all the caudal scales keeled.
Olive-brown above, tlanks darker ; a band on the upper lip, whitish.

From snout to vent ID inches.

J/ab. Khasi Hills.

Genus SALEA,
Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 242, 1845.

Tympanum distinct. Body compressed, covered with unequal-
sized imbricate keeled scales. Male with a dorso-nuchal crest and
a guhir sac. No transverse gular fold. Tail compressed. No
femoral or praianal pores.

Distribution. Southern India ; living on trees.

Synojisis of the Species.

No fold in front of the slioiiklor S. horsfiehlii, p. 131.

A fold in front of the shoidder S. (ma7)iaUuijanu, p. 132.

140. Salea horsfieldii.

Salea horstieldii, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 242 ; Giinth. Bept. B. I. p. 14o ;

Theob. Cat. p. Ill ; Boulein/. Cat. Liz. i, p. .'>12.
Salea p'vdonii, Gray, A. M. N. II, xviii, 184(>, p. 420; Kelaart,

Pro'dr. p. 1(J7(?).

Snout not more than once and a half as long as diameter of
orbit, \\hich equals about twice that of tynij)anum ; upper head-
scales large, rugose, with a more or less marked curved series of
ivgular ones bordering the supraorbital region internally ; a row
of 3 or 4 enlarged scales from the eye to above the tympanum.
Gular scales lanceolate, keeled, ending in a spine, as large as or a
little larger than the veutrals. No fold in front of the shoulder.
Nuchal crest in the male composed of a few lanceolate spines
dii-ected backwards, the longest measuring nearly the length of the
snout, with smaller spines at the base ; in the female this crest is
reduced to a double row of alternate oblique short spines ; dorsal
crest not continuous with nuchal, composed of similar slightly
shorter lanceolate spines in the male, absent in the female. Dorsal
scales large, rhomboidal, strongly keeled, pointing straight back-
wards ; they are nearly always of unequal size, larger ones being
scattered on the sides; ventral scales very strongly imbricate,
strongly keeled and ending in a spine, nearly as large as the
dorsals. Limbs moderately elongate, the adpressed hind limb
reaching between the shoulder and the tympanum. Tail com-
pressed and witb a small upper crest in the male, scarcely com-
pi'essed and without a crest in the female ; caudal scales subequal,

k2

132 AGAMID.i;.

strongly keeled. Pale olive above, with irregular dark-brown cross
bauds, which luay be broken up by a band of the light-brown
colour running along each side of the back ; the enlarged scales on
the sides frequently white ; a blackish band, edged below with
white, extends from the eye to the fore limb, passing through the
tympanum ; tail usually with regular dark-brown annuli.

From snout to vent 3*75 inches ; tail 9"75.

Hah. Nilgiri Hills, Southern India ; Ceylon?

141. Salea anamallayana.

Lophosalea anamallayana, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 153, pi. xiv.
Salea anamallayana, Botding. Cat. Liz. i, p. 313.

Snout long, measuring nearly tAvice the diameter of the orbit ;
tympanum 1| to If the diameter of the orbit ; upper head-scales
rather large, feebly keeled, with a regular curved series of enlarged
scales bordering the supraorbital region internally : an enlarged
tubercle behind the supraciliary edge and a few others scattered on
the back of the head ; a row of 3 or 4 enlarged scales from the eye
to above the tympanum. Gular scales a little larger than ventrals,
smooth or keeled. A well-marked curved fold on each side of the
neck, in front of the shoidder. Dorso-nuchal crest continuous,
composed of large lanceolate spines. Dorsal scales of unequal
size, their arrangement varying considerably, strongly keeled, the
upper ones pointing upwards and backwards, the others straight
backwards or backwards and downwards ; ventral scales very
strongly imbricate, strongly keeled, and ending in a spine. The
adpressed hind limb reaches the neck. Tail strongly compressed,
in its anterior half with an upper crest nearly as much developed
as the dorsal ; caudal scales rather unequal in size, keeled. Pale
olive above, with 4 broad angular dark-brown cross bands on the
back, separated by narrow interspaces ; head to the lip dark brown,
with small light spots ; limbs and tail with more or less regular
dark-brown cross bars.

From snout to vent 4*3 inches.

Hah. Animalai (6000 feet) and Palui Hills.

Genus CALOTES,
Cuvier, Regne An. ii, p. 35, 1817.

Tympanum distinct. Body compressed, covered with equal-sized
scales. A dorso-nuchal crest. A more or less de'\elo])ed gular
sac in the male ; no transverse gular fold, or a very feebly marked
one. Tail round or feebly compressed. No femoral or praeaual
pores.

An essentially East-Indian genus, comprising 22 species, of
arboreal or subarboreal habits.

CALOTES. 133

Syn02isis of Lidian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. No fold in front of the shoulder.

a. Lateral scales pointing backwards and
downwards.
a' . Upper dorsal scales pointing back-
wards, larger tlian ventrals C. microlept's, p. 134.

b'. Upper dorsal scales pointing back-
wards and ujiwards, smaller than

ventrals C. cristatellus, p, 134.

c'. Oulj' the scales of the row at the base

of the dorsal crest point upwards . . C. jiibatus, p. 135.
h. Lateral scales pointing backwards and
upwards.
a'. 35 to 47 scales round middle of body ;
tympanum at least half diameter of

orbit C versicolor, y. 135.

b', 53 to 61 scales round middle of body ;
tympanum not quite one third dia-
meter of orbit C. maria, p. 136.

B. An oblique fold or pit covered with small

granular scales in front of shoidder, not
extending across throat.

a. Dorsal scales larger than ventrals, keeled.
a' . Two serrated parallel ridges on each

side of back of head ; colour green. . C. jerdonii, p. 137.
b'. A long spine behind supraciliary edge,

and two others above ear C. eimna, p. 137.

c'. No postorbital spine ; a few small

spines above ear C. mystaceus, p. 138.

b. Dorsal scales larger than ventrals, smooth

or nearly so.
a! . Lateral scales pointing upwards and

backwards ; 2i) to 35 scales round

middle of body C. yrandisquamis, p. 138.

b' . J^ateral scales pointing upwards and

backwards ; 37 to 43 scales round

middle of body C. nemoricola, p. 139.

e'. Lateral scales pointing upwards and

backwards, or straight backwards;

GO scales round middle of body .... C. ceyhnensis,y.\2Q.
d' . Lateral scales pointing downwards

and backwards C. Uolepis, p. 140.

c. Dorsal scales of same size as ventrals or

smaller.
«'. Lateral scales pointing upwards and

backwai-ds C. ophiomachus, p. 140.

b'. Lateral scales pointing downwards
and backwards; ventrals much larger

than dorsals C. niyrilabris, p. 141.

. Lateral scales pointing downwards and
backwards ; no spines whatever on
head C liocephalus, p. 141.

134 AGAMID^.

C. A long oblique or curved fold in front of
shoulder, extending across throat or
nearly so.
a. Two slender spines on each side of back
of head.
a'. No spine at posterior corner of orbit. . C. rouxii, p. 142.
h' . A small slender spine behind supra-
ciliary edge C. eUioti, p. 142.

h. No slender spines 0]i head Cfece, p. 143.

A species named by Blyth Salea gularis, J. A. 8. B. xxii, 1853,
p, 473, footnote, from Mirzapur (?), probably belongs to tliis
genus, but is not recognizable from tlie description.

142. Calotes microlepis.

Calotes microlepis, BtndeiKj. Ann. 3Iuh. (hnova, (2) v, 1887, p. 470,
pi. vi, fig. 1.

Head narrow, twice as long as broad, deeper than broad, co^■ered
with unequal-sized, juxtaposed, feebly keeled scales, witbont
tubercles or spines ; tympanum not quite half the diameter of the
orbit. Gular pouch not developed; gular scales feebly keeled, a
little larger than ventrals. No fold in front of the shoulder.
Nuchal crest composed of small spines ; dorsal crest a slightly
serrated ridge. 05 scales round the middle of the body, all keeled,
upper dorsals largest and directed backwards, laterals directed
downwards and backwards. The hind limb reaches the axilla;
third and fourth fingers equal, about as long as the fifth toe. Tail
slightly compressed. Orange above, golden yellow on the sides
and below ; sides with black specks ; black lines radiate from the
eye, two of which are prolonged, the upper to the tympanum, the
lower to the commissure of the mouth.

From snout to vent 2-Q inches ; tail 6.

Hah. Pla-pu, Mountains of Northern Teuasserim, 3300-3GOO
feet.

143. Calotes cristatellus.

Agama cristatella, Ktihl, Beitr. Zool. vergl. Anat. p. 108.
Bronchocela cristatella, Giinth. Rent. B. I. p. 138 ; Theob. Cut.

p. 104.
Bronchocela moluccana {non Less.), llwoh. I. c.
Bronchocela bunnana, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 127.
Calotes cristatellus, Boukiuj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 316.

Upper head-scales rather small, keeled, slightly enlarged on
supraorbital region ; a few more or less distinct, erect, compressed
scales behind the supraciliary edge ; tympanum half, or more than
half, the diameter of the orbit. Gular ])ouch very small; gular
scales keeled, smaller than ventrals, distinctly larger than latero-
dorsals. No oblique fold in front of the shoulder. Nuchal crest
composed of erect compressed spines, the longest never equalling

CALOTES. 135

the diameter of the orbit ; dorsal crest a mere serrated ridge. 57
to 97 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales keeled,
much smaller thau ventrals, the upper oues directed upwards and
backwards, the others downwards and backwards. The adpressed
hind ]imb reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout ; third
and fourth lingers equal or nearly so, about as long as the fifth toe.
Tail round, siibtriangular at the base. Green, uniform or with
reddish markings.

Prom snout to vent 4*8 inches ; tail 15,

llab. Malay Ai'chipelago and Peninsula as far north as Tenas-
serim.

144. Calotes jubatus.

Bronchocela jubata, Ditm. 8f JBibr. Erp. Gen. iv, p. 397 ; Giinth. Mcjit.

B. I. p. 139 ; Theoh. Cat. p. 101.
Calotes jubatus, Bouleng. Cut. Liz. i, p. 318.

Tipper head-scales moderate, keeled, not enlarged on supraorbital
region ; a few erect compressed scales behind the supraciliary edge ;
tympanum half or more than half the diameter of the orbit. Gular
pouch well developed; gular scales keeled, smaller than the ventrals.
No oblique fold in front of the shoulder. Nuchal crest large, com-
posed of falciform spines directed backwards, the longest equalling
or exceeding the diameter of the orbit, with several irregular rows
of smaller spines at the base ; dorsal crest well developed, though
much less so thau the nuchal, gradually decreasing in size to\^•ard3
the posterior part of the body. 43 to 53 (exceptionally 65) scales
round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales keeled, smaller than
the ventrals : the scales of the row contiguous to the dorsal crest
point upwards and backwards, those of the next row point straight
backwards, all the others backwards and downwards. The adpressed
hind limb reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout ; third
and fourth fingers equal, about as long as the fifth toe. Tail
round, subtriangular, and with slight upper ridge at the base.
Green, generally with yellow or reddish spots and short bands.

From snout to vent 5 inches ; tail 17.

Hah. JMalay Archipelago, Nicobars.

145. Calotes versicolor.

A^ama versicolor, Baud. Bept. iii, p. 39."), ])1. xliv.

Calotes versicolor, Kelaart,Prodr. p. 170; Giinth. Bept.B. I. p. 140;

Theoh. Cat. p. 10!) ; Botileiii/. Cat. Liz. i, p. 321.
? Calotes viridis, Graj/, A. J/. ^\ IL xviii, 1846, p. 429 ; Theob.

Cut. p. 110.

Upper head-scales rather large, smooth or feebly keeled, imbri-
cate, more or less enlarged on supraorbital region ; two well-
separated spines (seldom absent or scarcely distinct) on each side
of the back of the head, above the ear ; tympanum half, or less than
half, the diameter of the orbit. Gular pouch not developed ; gular

136

AGAMlUiK.

Fig. 42. — Calotcs versicolor.

scales smooth or feebly keeled, as large as the ventrals
or larger, largest and mueronate iu the adult male. No
oblique fold in front of the shoulder. Dorso-uuchal
crest well developed iu the male, composed of lanceolate
spines gradually decreasing in size towards the pos-
terior part of the back. 35 to 47 scales round the
middle of the body; dorsal scales more or less distinctly
keeled, larger than Aentrals, all directed upwards and
backwards ; ventral scales strongly keeled. The ad-
pressed hind limb reaches the temple or the eye ; fourth
finger a little longer than third. Tail round. Light
brownish or yellowish (in spirit), uniform or with dark
transverse bands or spots, or dark olive-brown with
light spots or longitudinal lines ; belly sometimes with
dark longitudinal lines. The male assumes brilliant
colours (red, yellow, and black) in the breeding-season.
From snout to vent 4^ inches ; tail 11.
Hah. Ceylon, India, eastwards to Tenasserim, Cochin China, and

Southern China, westwards to Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Very

common throughout India.

146. Calotes maria.

Calotes mavia, part., Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 243 ; Giinth. Jiept. B. I. p. 144.
Calotes platyceps, Bltjth, J. A. S. B. xxi, 1852, p. 354 ; id. Kelaart,

Prodr., App. p. 46.
Calotes maria, Giinfh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 778, pi. xlv, fig. B ; Theob.

Cat. p. 108 ; Botdeng. Cat. Liz. \, p. 322.

Upper head-scales rather large, smooth or feebly keeled, imbricate,
very slightly enlarged on supraorbital region ; two parallel longitu-
dinal series of enlarged erect scales, terminating in long spines.

CALOTES. 137

above the temple, the lower series separated from the tympanum by-
several rows of scales ; tympauum \evy small, measuriug less than
one third the diameter of the orbit. Gular pouch not developed ;
gular scales strongly keeled, larger than ventrals, not larger than
dorsals. No oblique fold in frout of the shoulder. Dorso-nuchal
crest well developed anteriorly, the longest spines measuring nearly
two thirds the diameter of the orbit, gradually decreasing in size
and reduced to a feebly serrated edge on the posterior half of the
back. 53 to 61 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales
feebly keeled, all directed upwards and backwards ; ventral scales
much smaller than dorsals, strongly keeled. The adpressed hind
limb reaches the anterior border of the orbit, or between the latter
and the nostril ; third and fourth fingers nearly equal. Tail round.
Green, with a few light (red) markings constantly present on the
limb-joints.

From snout to vent 4'o inches ; tail 14-5.

Ilab. Kbasi hills.

147. Calotes jerdonii.

Calotes inaria, part., (^ri-ai/, Vat. Liz. p. 24:1; G'dnth. Mept. B. I.

p. 144.
Calotes platyceps (no7i Blyth), Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 77.
Calotes jerdonii, Giinth. F. Z. S. 1870, p. 770, pi. xlv, tig. A; Tlieoh.

Cat. p. 108 ; Boulcnj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 3:i."i.

Upper head-scales rather large, smooth or feebly keeled, imbri-
cate, very slightly enlarged on supraorbital region ; two parallel
longitudinal series of enlarged erect scales on the temple, forming
serrated ridges, not terminating in spines ; the lower serrated ridge
separated from the tympanum by one or two rous of scales ; tym-
panum not quite half the diameter of the orbit. Gular pouch not
developed ; gular scales strongly keeled, larger than dorsals. A
strong oblique fold or pit in front of the shoulder. Dorso-nuchal
crest very low, the longest spines (on the nape) equalling about the
diameter of the tympanum. 47 to 55 scales round the middle of
the body ; dorsal scales feebly keeled, all directed upwards and
backwards ; \ entral scales much smaller than dorsals, strongly
keeled. The adpressed hind limb reaches the eye, or between the
latter and the nostril ; fourth finger a little longer than third.
Tail round. Green, uniform, or with light (red) markings, which
may form a longitudinal lateral baud ; frequently black lines radiate
from the eye ; the fold on the side of the neck black.

From snout to vent 3"5 inches ; tail 10"5.

Hah. Khasi hills. The supposed occurrence of tliis species in
the Himalavas needs confirmation.

148. Calotes emma.

Calotes emma, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 244; Gihith. Rept. B. L. p. 144;
Theob. Cat. p. 108 ; Bouleny. Cat. Liz. i, p. 324, pi. xxv, tig. 1.

138 AG AMID jE.

Upper head-scales imbricate, keeled, considerably enlarged on
supraorbital region ; a long spine surrounded by small ones behind
the supraciliary edge, and two others on each side between the
tympanum and the nuchal crest ; the posterior spine smallest, and
situated just above the tympanum, which measures half the dia-
meter of the orbit. Gular pouch not developed ; gular scales keeled,
as large as ventrals or a little larger. A very strong oblique curved
fold in front of the shoulder. Xuchal crest composed of long
lanceolate spines, soon decreasing in size, the dorsal crest being
reduced to a feebly serrated I'idge. 51 to 55 scales round the
^niddle of the body ; dorsal scales keeled, all directed upwards and
backwards ; ventral scalers smaller than dorsals, strongly keeled.
The adpressed hind limb reaches the eye ; third and fourth fingers
nearly equal. Tail slightly compressed. Light brownish olive
above, with transverse dark-brown bands on the back, which are
interrupted by a more or less strongly defined light lateral band ;
black lines radiating from the eye ; the fold in front of the arm
black.

From snout to vent 3"5 inches : tail 9*5.

Hah. Ivhasi and Kakhyen Hills, Pegu, Tenasserim, Mergui.

149. Calotes mystaceus.

Calotes mystaceus, Dum. 8f Bihr. Erp. Gen. iv, p. 408 ; Bhjth,
J. A. S.~ B. xxi, 1852, p. 3o4 ; id. Kdaart, Frodr., Ajrp. p. 47 ;
Giinth. Bept. B. I. p. 141; Theoh. Cat. p. 106; Boulemj. Cat. Liz.
i, p. 325.

? Calotes gigas, Bli/th, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 048.

Upper head-scales smooth or feebly keeled, imbricate, scarcely
enlarged on supraorbital region ; a few small spines on each side
of the head above the tympanum ; latter measuring at least half
the diameter of the orbit. Gular sac small ; gular scales feebly
keeled, as large as dorsals. An oblique fold in front of the shoulder.
Dorso-nuchal crest well developed in the male, composed of falciform
spines directed backwards, the longest measuring the diameter
of the orbit ; it gradually decreases in height on the back, being
reduced to a mere denticulation on the sacrum. 45-53 scales
round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales keeled, nearly twice
as large as ventrals, all directed upwards and backwards ; ventral
scales strongly keeled. The adpressed hind limb reaches the tym-
panum or the posterior border of the orbit ; fourth finger slightly
longer than the third. Tail a little compressed, at the base with
a slightly serrated upper ridge. Olive above, frequently with large
transverse red spots on the back ; lips yellowish.

From snout to vent 5 inches ; tail 10.

Uah. Burma generally, 8iam, JS'icobars, Ceylon.

150. Calotes grandisquamis.

Calotes grandisquamis, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 226, pi. xxx ; Boii-
lemj. Cut. Liz. i, p. 325.

CALOTES. 139

Upper head-scales smooth or very feebly keeled, imbricate, en-
larged on supraorbital region ; 3 or 4 small spines above tympanum ;
the latter measuring half diameter of orbit. A gular pouch ; lateral
gular scales larger than ventrals, smooth. A short oblique fold in
front of the shoulder. Dorso-nuchal crest formed of large lanceo-
late spines, the longest of which (in the male) equals the diameter
of the orbit, gradually decreasing in height on the back : in the
female the dorsal crest is reduced to a very feebly serrated ridge,
29 to 35 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales nearly
four times as large as ventrals, smooth, pointing backwards and
upwards ; ventral scales strongly keeled. The adpressed hind limb
reaches the tympanum or slightly beyond ; third anil fourth fingers
equal. Tail compressed. Green, uniform or with broad black
transverse bands on the back ; an orange spot may be present in
the centre of each scale within the black bands.

From snout to vent 5-5 inches ; tail 12-5.

Hub. Malabar (foot of Canoot Ghat, near Manantoddy).

151. Calotes nemoricola.

Calotes nemoricola, Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 471 ; Theob.
Cat. p. lOo ; Boidenff. Cat. Liz. i, p. 32l5.

Upper head-scales feebly keeled, imbricate, enlarged on supra-
orbital region ; 3 or 4 very small spines above the tympanum ; latter
measuring not quite half diameter of orbit. A gular pouch ; gular
scales larger than ventrals, very feebly keeled. A short oblique
fold in front of the shoulder. Xuchal crest formed ol large lan-
ceolate spines, the largest of which measure three fourths the
diameter of the orbit; dorsal crest a mere serrated ridge. 37 to
43 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales three times
as large as ventrals, squarish, smooth, pointing backwards and up-
wards ; ventral scales strongly keeled. The adpressed hind limb
hardly reaches the tympanum ; third and fourth fingers equal. Tail
compressed. Olive above, with indistinct darker markings ; a
black streak from the eye to above the tympanum ; dark lines
radiating from the eye ; gular sac pink (in spirit).

From snout to vent 5'5 inches ; tail 12*5.

JLth. Base of Coonoor Ghat, Nilgiris ; Malabar.

152. Calotes ceylonensis.

Calotes mystaceiis, var. ceylonensis, F. Mii/kr, Verh. Katurf, Ges.

Basel, viii, 1887, p. 202, pi. iii.
Calotes kelaartii, Nevill, Taprobanian, ii, 1887, p. 134.

Upper head-scales smooth, imbricate, considerably enlarged on
the supraorbital region ; two small spines on each side above the
tympanum ; diameter of the tympanum half that of the orbit. No
gular sac ; gular scales very strongly keeled, much smaller than
dorsals. A few small spines form a short nuchal crest ; no dorsal

140 AGAMID^.

crest. 60 scales round the middle of the body, dorsals largest and
smooth or indistinctly keeled ; on the anterior half of the body
the scales point upwards and backwards, on the hinder half nearly
straight backwards ; ventrals two thirds the size of dorsals, mu-
cronate. The hind limb reaches the posterior border of the orbit.
Greenish, with six large orange spots across the back, separated
by dark bands ; sides with a black network ; black lines radiate
from the eye.
Hab. Ceylon.

153. Calotes liolepis.

Calotes liolepis, Boulemj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 32G, pi. xxv, fig. 2.

Upper head-scales smooth, imbricate, strongly enlarged on supra-
orbital region ; two distinct spines on each side of the back of the
head, between the ear and the nuchal crest ; diameter of the tym-
panum nearly half that of the orbit. Gular sac not developed
( 5 ) ; gular scales strongly keeled, as large as ventrals. A short
oblique fold in front of the shoulder. Nuchal crest formed of
narrow separated spines, the longest of which measure about the
diameter of the tympanum; dorsal crest quite indistinct. 85 to
39 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales three times
as large as ventrals, squarish, smooth, jjointing backwards and
downwards ; ventral scales strongly keeled. The adpressed hind
limb hardly reaches the tympanum ; third and fourth hngers equal.
Tail round. Pale olive, with indistinct brown traiisverse bands on
the back ; brown lines radiating from the eye, the lower reaching
down to the lower lip.

From snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 7.

Hab. Ceylon.

] 54. Calotes ophiomaclius.

Agaraa ophiomaclms, Merrem, Tent. p. 51.

Calotes ophiomachus, Kelaart, Procb: p. 169 ; Gilnth. Rept. B. I.
p. 142 ; Theoh. Cat. p. 100 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 327.

Upper head-scales smooth, imbricate, enlarged on supraorbital
region ; two groups of spines on each side of the head, between the
ear and the nuchal crest ; tympanum nearly half the diameter of
the orbit. Gular sac not developed ; gular scales feebly keeled,
nearly as large as ventrals. A short oblique fold in front of the
shoulder. Dorso-nuchal crest composed of closely set lanceolate
spines directed backwards, with smaller ones at the base ; in the
male the height of the crest on the nape equals or exceeds the
diameter of the orbit, and decreases gradually on the back. 31 to
35 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales very feebly
keeled, or even quite smooth, with the points directed upwards and
backwards ; ventral scales larger than dorsals, very strongly keeled
and muci'onate. The adpressed hind limb reaches the anterior bor-
der of the orbit or a little beyond ; third and fourth fingers nearly
equal. Tail round. Green above, frequently with blackish- green

CALOTES. 141

cross bands, broader than the interspaces between them ; young
sometimes with a whitish longitudinal band on each side of the
back.

From snout to vent 5"5 inches ; tail 20.

Bab. Ceylon, Southern India, Nicobars.

155. Calotes nigrilabris.

Calotes rouxii (non D. ^- £.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 647.
Calotes nigrilabris, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 18(30, p. 183 ; Gi'mth.

Rept. B. I. p. 143, pi. xiv, tig. D ; Theob. Cat. p. 107 ; B<jukn<j.

Cat. Liz. i, p. 328.

Upper head-scales smooth, imbricate, not or but slightly enlarged
on supraorbital region; a short series of three to six small spines
above and behind the posterior part of the tympanum : the latter
measuring half, or more than half, the diameter of the orbit.
Gular pouch not developed ; gidar scales more or less distinctly
keeled, as large as ventrals. A strong oblique fold or pit in front
of the shoulder. Dorso-nuchal crest composed of small lanceolate
spines, the longest of which, on the nape, measure about two thirds
the diameter of the orbit ; on the back the crest is very distinct,
but the spines gradually decrease in size. 43 to 47 scales round
the middle of the body ; dorsal scales rather feebly keeled, the
upper pointing straight backwards, the others downwards and back-
wards ; \entral scales nuich larger than dorsals, very strongly keeled,
mucronate. The adpressed hind limb reaches the eye ; third and
fourth tingers equal. Tail round ; in the males the scales on the
basal part of the tail very large and hard, those of the median
upper row forming a slightly serrated ridge. Greeii, uniform on
the back and tail, or with angular whitish black-edged angular
cross bars or ocelli, with or without a reddish-brown vertebral
band ; lips and sides of head with a broad black band or variegated
with black in the male ; female usually with a white, black-edged
horizontal streak below the eye.

From snout to vent 4 inches ; tail 12.

Hah. Ceylon.

156. Calotes liocephalus.

Calotes liocephalus, Gilnth. A. M. N. H. (4) ix, 1872, p. 86 ; Theob.
Cat. p. 101) ; Boulemj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 329.

Upper head-scales smooth, imbricate, enlarged on supraorbital
region ; no spines whatever on the side of the head ; tympanum
measuring a little more than half the diameter of the orbit. Gular
pouch not developed ; gular scales much larger than ventrals, rathe
feebly keeled. An oblique fold in front of the shoulder. Nuchal
crest composed of narrow spines, the length of which equals the
diameter of the tympanum ; dorsal crest a mere serrated ridge.
45 scales round the middle of the body ; dorsal scales feebly keeled,
the upper ones pointing straight backwards or slightly upwards.

142 AGAMID^.

the others downwards and backwards; ventral scales strongly
keeled, nearly the same size as the dorsals. The adpressed hind
limb reaches the eye ; third and fourth fingers equal. Tail round,
the scales of its basal part very large and hard, those of the median
upper row forming a serrated edge. Pale olive-green, above \\ith
transverse bands of a darker green ; four angular reddish-brown
cross bands on the back ; a dark streak from the eye to above the
tympanum ; limbs and tail with alternate lighter and darker cross
bands.

From snout to vent 3g inches; tail 10^.

Hob. Ceylon.

157. Calotes rouxii.

Calotes rouxii, Dum. i^ Bibr. Erp. Gen. iv, p. 407 ; Gi'mth. Hept, B.

I. p. 142 ; Theoh. Cat. p. 100 ; Boulcng. Cut. Liz. i, p. 330.
Calotes t'lliotti (won Gthr.), Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 113.

Upper head-scales feebly keeled, imbricate, strongly enlarged on
supraorbital region ; two small slender spines on each side of the
back of the head, the anterior midway between the nuchal crest
and the tympanum, the posterior just above the latter, which mea-
sures half the diameter of the orbit. Gularsac small ; gular scales
strongly keeled, nearly as large as the ventrals. A strong oblique
Fold or pit in front of the shoulder, and a transverse gular fold.
"Nuchal crest composed of a few slender erect spines, the longest
of which measures the diameter of the tympanum ; dorsal crest
a mere denticulation. 55 or 57 scales round the middle of the
body ; dorsal scales of nearly the same size as the ventrals, keeled,
those on the upper half of the body directed upwards and back-
wards, the others downwards and backwards ; ventral scales strongly
keeled and mucronate. The adpressed hind limb reaches the pos-
terior border of the orbit; fourth finger longer than third. Tail
slightly compressed, the scales on its basal part large and liard,
those of the median upper row considerably enlarged and forming a
serrated ridge. 01ive-bro\^n above, vertebral region rather lighter ;
a dark band from the eye, through the tynip:inum, along each side
of the neck ; the obli(iue fold in front of the shoulder black ; dark
lines radiating from the eye.

l^'rom snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 6"5.

Hab. Matheran near Bombay.

158. Calotes ellioti.

Calotes rouxii (non I). ^- B.), Jerdoti, J. A. S. B. xxii, 18o3,

p. 471.
Calotes elUotti, Giint^i. Bept. B. I. p. 142 ; Thcob. Cat. p. 107 ;

Bvtdeng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 330, pi. xxv, fig. 3.
Bronchocela indica, Thcob. I. c. p. 105.

Up]ier head-scales feebly keeled, imbricate, uuich eidm-ged on
supraorbital region ; a small spine behind the supraciliary edge,

CALOTES. 143

and two others on each side, the anterior midway bet^Yeen the
nuchal crest and the t^unpanum, the posterior just above the hitter,
which measures nearly half the diameter of the orbit. Gular sac
not developed ; gular scales strongly keeled, smaller than the
ventrals. A strong oblique fold or pit in front of the shoulder,
and a transverse gular fold. Nuchal crest composed of a few
widely separated slender spines, the longest of which measures
about two thirds the diauieter of the orbit ; dorsal crest a mere
deuticulation. 53 to 61 scales round the middle of the body ;
dorsal scales of nearly the same size as the ventrals, keeled, the
uppermost with the points directed straight backwards, the
others directed downwards and backwards ; ventral scales strongly
keeled. The adpressed hind limb reaches the anterior border of
the orbit or the tip of the snout; fourth finger longer than third.
Tail scarcely compressed. Olive above, with more or less distinct
angular dark-brown cross bands on the body ; an angular black
mark on each side of the neck ; a white spot below the orbit ; dark
lines radiating from the eye.

Prom snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 8*5.

Ildh. Southern India, up to 6000 feet altitude in the Auimalai
Hills.

159. Calotes feaB.

Calotes feee, Bouhng. Ann. 3Iiis. Genova, (2) v, 1887, p. 477, pi. vi,
%.2.

Upper head-scales unequal, juxtaposed, strongly keeled ; a small
spinose tubercle midway between the tympanum and the nuchal
crest ; two others above and a little behind the tympanum, which
measures half the diameter of the orbit. Gular sac scarcely
developed; gular scales smooth or inflistinctly keeled, those on the
sides very much larger, larger than on any other pai't of the body.
A strong curved fold in front of the shoulder, nearly meeting its
fellow on the throat. Xuchal crest composed of a few spines, the
lengtli of Mhicli equals the diameter of the tympanum ; dorsal crest
a slightly serrated ridge. 60 scales round the middle of the body,
all keeled, the largest on the iianks, where they form irregular
patches ; dorsal scales directed backwards and slightly upw ards.
The hind limb reaches the gular fold ; third and fourth fingers
equal, much shorter than the fifth toe. Tail slightl}- compressed.
Pale greenish above, w'ith irregular brown cross bands on the body
and tail, and a black network on the sides : snout blackish ; lips
with black vertical lines ; black lines radiate from the eye : a
black temporal band, covering the tympanum ; limbs with blackish
cross bands.

From snout to vent 3*75 inches ; tail 7.

Hah, Pla-pu, Mountains of Xorthern Teuasserim, 3300-3600
feet.

144 AGAMID^.

Genus CHARASIA,
Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 246, 1845.

Tympanum distinct. Body slightly depressed, covered with uni-
form keeled scales. A very feeble dorsal crest. A pit on each side
of the throat, usually connected by a transverse fold. No gular
sac. Tail round or slightly compressed. No pra^aual or femoral
pores or callosities.

Distribution. India.

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Tail longer than head and body ; 115 to 140

scales round middle of body C. dorsalis, p. 144.

b. Tail longer than head and body ; 80 to 100

scales round middle of body C. blmifordiana, p. 145.

e. Tail shorter than head and body ; gular scales

larger than ventrals C. ornata, p. 145.

160. Charasia dorsalis.

Agama dorsalis, Gray, ^^>'W- ^- -^' J^? %''• P- •^^•
Charasia dorsalis, Gilnth. liept. B.I. p. 150; Theob. Caf.^. 114;
Boideng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 332.

Head rather elongate in the adult, covered with small irregular
smooth or feebly keeled scales, which are a little enlarged on the
supraorbital region ; two very small spines usually present above
the tympanum ; the latter larger than the eye-opening ; cheeks
strongly swollen in the adult male. A strongly marked transverse
gular fold; gular scales very small, subimbricate, smooth, very feebly
keeled in the young. 8cales on the body very small (115 to 140
round the middle), subimbricate, and smooth or indistinctly keeled
in the adult, more distinctly keeled and imbricate in the young, the
keels of the dorsal scales directed obliquely towards the vertebral
line. Dorso-nuchal crest scarcely indicated by a slight ridge.
Limbs covered with small scales slightly larger than those on ttie
body ; digits moderately elongate ; the adpressed hind limb reaches
between the tympanum and the posterior border ol' the orbit in the
adult, beyond the latter point in the young. Tail round, slightly
compressed and much swollen at the base in the adult male, covered
with small, more or less distinctly keeled scales which are a little
enlarged inferiorly and on the upper median series ; its length equals
nearly once and three fourths that of head and body. Young olive-
brown, spotted or marbled \\ith brown, and with a series of rounded
white spots along each side of the back ; this coloration more or
less distinctly retained in the female ; male yellow or red, with a
broad black lateral band corumencing from the eye.

From snout to vent 5*5 inches; tail 10'5.

Hah. Southern India ; only found on rocks at some elevation
above the sea, up to 6000 feet in the Nilgiris.

CHAEASIA. 145

161. Cliarasia blanfordiana.

Charasia dorsalis (non Gray), Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 368.
Charasia blanfordiana, SMicrJ-a, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 110, pi. iii,
fig'. 5; Theob. Cat. p. 115; Boulenr/. Cat. Liz. i, p. o.j.j.

This species is very closely allied to the preceding, but remains
smaller ; the scales are a little larger (80 to 100 round the middle
of the body) and always distinctly keeled and imbricate ; and the
hind limb stretched forwards extends at least to the posterior
border of the orbit. The nuchal crest is a little more developed.
Frequently a small spine behind the supraciliary edge, and a few
scattered slightly enlarged scales on the flanks. Young olive-brown
above, spotted or marbled with brown, and with a series of more or
less distinct large lozenge-shaped brown spots on the back ; these
markings persist in the adult female, but are absent in the male,
which has a more or less distinct dark lateral band as in C. dorsalis,
and in the breeding-season, May, has the head scarlet, belly, limbs,
and tail blackish.

Hab. South-western Bengal to Chhatisgarh and the Godavari
valley ; S.E. Berar ? Earely seen except on high rocks, especially
on hills of granitoid gneiss.

162. Charasia oriiata.

Brachysaura ornata, Bli/th, J. A. S. B. xxv, 185G, p. 448 ; Theob.

Cat.^. 110 ; Cockbur'u, J. A. S. B. li, 1882, p. 50.
Charasia ornata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 334.

Habit stout ; head large, short and convex. Upper head-scales
subequal, tubercular, obtusely keeled ; two small spines surrounded
by still smaller ones on each side of the back of the head, above the
tympanum ; the latter not quite so large as the eye-opening.
Gular fold not well marked ; gular scales larger than ventrals,
feebly keeled, 57 scales round the middle of the body. Dorsal
scales much larger than ventrals, rhomboidal, imbricate, keeled, the
keels converging obliquely towards the vertebral line; ventral scales
feebly keeled. Nuchal and dorsal crests not continuous, reduced to
a mere serrated ridge. Limbs, and especially digits, rather short ;
the adpressed hiud limb reaches the neck ; scales on limbs much
smaller than those on the back. Tail round, as long or not quite
so long as head and body, covered with equal, strongly keeled scales.
Pale brown above, with three rows of darker, light-edged spots on
the back, the median ro\\' most distinct and formed of rhomboidal
spots ; limbs and tail with dark cross bars.

From snout to vent 3-5 inches ; tail 3-5.

Hah. Central India (Saugor) ; North-west Provinces (Allahabad,
Bcinda); Cutch.

A true ground-lizard, of sluggish habits. Accoi'ding to Cockburn
it appears to be nocturnal in its habits, and it is only in the evening,
or when its holes ai'e flooded, that numbers are to be seen.

L

146 agamidjE.

G-enus AGAMA,
Daiidin, Hist. Eept. iii, p. 333, 1802.

Tympanum distinct. Body more or less depressed. Dorsal crest
absent or feebly developed. A pit on each side of the throat and a
transverse gailar fold. Gular sac present or absent. Tail round or
feebly compressed. No femoral pores : males with callose prseaual
scales.

Distribution. The whole of Africa and South-western Asia ; in
the Indian Eegion only in the North-western and Himalayan
areas. 43 species are known.

Agamas are found in barren localities or on rocks, sometimes on
shrubs.

P ':

Fig. 4.3. — Agama isolepis. Upper surface of head and anal region.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

A. Tail not verticillate.

a. Dorsal scales keeled A. isolepis, p. 147.

h. Dorsal scales smooth A, ruhritjularis, p. 1 47.

B. Tail verticillate, the caudal segments com-

posed of more than two whorls of scales.

a. Ventral scales not much smaller than

largest dorsals.
a' . Dorsal scales keeled ; upper head-scales

smooth or feebly keeled A. tnheicnlata, p. 148.

h' . Dorsal scales keeled ; upper head-scales

sharply keeled A. daj/ana, p. 148.

c' . Dorsal scales smooth or very feebly keeled A. Iu'ma/(ii/ana,\\. 141).

b. Ventral scales not more than half size of

largest dorsals.
a'. Upper head-scales keeled ; dorsal scales

sharply keeled ; flanks with enlarged

scales A. agrorensis, p. 149.

h' . Median dor.sal scales of unequal width,

forming regular longitudinal series .... A. meJanura, p. 150.
c'. Median dorsal scales equal, forming regular

longitudinal series ; no enlarged scales

on the flanks A. lirata, p. 150.

d' . Dorsal scales large, equal, mucronate, the

keels forming ohlique lines A. nupta, p. 151.

C. Tail verticillate, divided into distinct seg-
ments each composed of two whorls of scales. A. caucasica, p. 151.

AG AM A. 147

163. Agama isolepis.

Agama agilis (non Oliv.), Blcinf. Zool. E. Persia, p. 314; Murray,

Zool. Sind, p. 371.
Trapelus megalonyx (non Giinth.), Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, pp. 88,

127; Murray, I. c. p, 370.
Agama isolepis, Bouleiuj. Cat. Liz. \, p. 342 ; id. Tr. Linn. Soc. (2)

V, 1889, p. 96, pi. X.

Head moderate, convex, subcordiform. Nostril not tubular,
superior, pierced just above the canthus rostralis iu the posterior
part of a flat nasal. Upper head-scales convex, smooth or feebly
keeled ; occipital not enlarged ; generally a few short spines on the
post-temporal region and a few on the upper edge of the ear, which
is exposed and not larger than the eye-opening ; males with a small
gular pouch. Body roundish, moderately depressed, covered above
with equal, rhomboidal, imbricate, keeled, more or less distinctly
mucronate scales ; lateral and venti'al scales much smaller, feebly
keeled, exceptionally smooth. Limbs moderate ; tibia a little
longer than the skull (to occiput); third finger shorter than fourth,
fifth not extending as far as second ; third toe much shorter than
fourth, fifth not extending quite as far as first. Tail 2\ to 2| times
as long as distance from gular fold to vent, rounded, covered with
keeled scales. Male with a single or double row of callose praeanal
scales. Sandy grey or brown above, with or without dark transverse
bands and light rhomboidal vertebral spots ; the collar-pit blackish ;
lower surfaces white, often with dark longitudinal lines more or
less distinctly marked ; males during the breeding-season with the
sides of the laody and the throat deep blue.

From snout to vent 4*5 inches ; tail 7.

Hah. Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan, Persia, Egypt. On rocky hills
and open plains, or on shrubs.

164. Agama rubrigularis.

Trapelus rubrigularis, Blanf. P. A. S. B. 1875, p. 233, arid J. A. S. B.

xlv, 187U, p. 23, pi. i, fig. 1 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 371.
Agama rubrigularis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 346.

Head short, convex, subcordiform. Nostril not tubular, pierced
in the posterior part of a slightly swollen nasal just above the
canthus rostralis. Upper head-scales keeled ; occipital not enlarged;
no distinct spines on the hinder part of the head ; a very slight
fringe of pointed scales on the upper edge of the ear, which is hardly
as large as the eye-opening. Male without gular pouch. Body
depressed, covered above with small rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth
scales intermixed with much larger, flat, feebly keeled ones forming
more or less irregular transverse series ; no enlarged scales on the
limbs ; ventral scales smootli. Limbs moderate ; tibia not quite so
long as the skull (to occiput) ; third finger shorter than fourth, fifth
not extending as far as second ; third toe much shorter than fourth ;
fifth not extending as far as first. Tail 1| to 1| times as long as
the distance from gular fold to vent, rounded, rather depressed at
the base, covered with keeled scales. Male with a row of callose
praeanal scales. Colour olive-brown to grey, spotted with pale

l2

148 AGAMID^.

yellow, each enlarged scale of the back being in the middle of a
pale spot; a dusky longitudinal line on each side of the neck
and three or four pairs of dark spots on the back ; a bright red
patch beneath the throat in living specimens of both sexes.

Erom snont to vent '3-i) inches ; tail 3*3.

Ilah. 8ind, in the sandy desert or semi-desert along the base of
the Ivhirthar hills.

165. Agama tuberculata.

Agama tuberculata, Gray, Zool. Jomn. iii, 1827, p. 218 ; id. III. Ind.

Zuol. ii, pi. Ixxiii ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 'i&l.
Stellio iudicu8, BhjtJt, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 046.
Barycephakis sykesii, G'vmth. P. Z. S. i860, p. 150, pi. xxv, fig. A.
Stellio tuberculatus, Giinth. Bcpt. B. I. p. 157 ; Theoh. Cat. p. 110.

Head much depressed ; snout longer tlian the diameter of the
orbit ; nostril lateral, below the canthus rostralis, slightly tubular.
Upper head-scales smooth or feebly keeled ; occipital not enlarged ;
small closely-set spinose scales on the sides of the head near the
ear, and on the neck ; ear entirely exposed, lai'ger than the eye-
opening. Throat strongly plicate ; no gular pouch. Body de-
pressed, with a more or less distinct fold on each side of the back ;
scales on the neck and sides minute, almost granular, keeled,
uniform or intermixed with scattered enlarged scales ; those on
the vertebral region enlarged, equal, rhoiuboidal, imbricate, strongly
keeled ; a very slight indication of a nuchal denticulation ; ventral
scales smooth, nearly as large as the enlarged dorsals. Limbs
strong, \^'ith compressed digits ; the scales on the upper surface
of the limbs much enlarged and very strongly keeled ; third and
fourth fingers equal, or fourth very slightly longer; fourth toe
slightly longer than third, fifth extending beyond first. Tail
rounded, much depressed at the base, covered with moderate-sized
strongly keeled scales arranged in rings ; its length equals 2^ to
3 times the distance from gular fold to vent. Males with a large
patch of thickened praeanal scales and a patch of similar scales on
the middle of the belly. Olive-brown above, spotted or speckled
with blackish, sometimes with small yellowish spots ; the breeding
male's throat blue, with light spots ; sometimes a light vertebral band.

i'rom snout to vent 4-5 inches ; tail 8.

Hah. Western Himalayas, up to 12,000 feet ; Kashmir.

166. Agama dayana.

Stellio dayauus, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 11.3, pi. iii, fig. 4 ;

Theob. 'Cat. p. 117.
Agama dayana, Boulouj. Cat, Liz. i, p. 362.

Differs from A. tuhercidata in having the head-scales sharply
keeled, and the enlarged dorsal scales distinctly continuous, though
considerably smaller, on the neck and up to the occiput.

Hah. Hardwiir, foot of Western Himalayas. 1 bave not seen
examples of this species.

AGAMA. 149

167. Agama himalayana.

Stellio himalayanus, Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 22, pi. i, fig. 8 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 118.
Agama himalayana, Bouleng, Cat. Liz. i, p. 362.

Head much depressed ; snout slightly longer than diameter of
orbit; nostril lateral, below the canthus rostralis, sliglitly tubular.
Upper head-scales smooth ; occipital not enlarged ; small closely
set spinose scales on the head near the ear, and on the neck ; ear
entirely exposed, larger than the eye-opening. Throat strongly
plicate ; no gular pouch. Body depressed, with a more or less
distinct fold on each side of the back ; scales on the neck and sides
small, smooth or very feebly keeled, uniform, those on the vertebral
region enlarged, equal, roundish-hexagonal, imbricate, smooth or
very feebly keeled ; \entral scales smooth, a little smaller than the
enlarged dorsals. Limbs strong, with compressed digits ; the scales
on the upper surface large and strongly keeled ; fourth finger
slightly longer than third ; fourth toe considerably longer than
third, the extremity of the claw of the latter not reaching the base
of the claw of the former ; fifth toe extending beyond first. Tail
rounded, much depressed at the base, covered with moderate-sized
strongly keeled scales arranged in rings ; its length equals 2^ to
3 times the distance from gular fold to vent. Males with a
double or triple row of thickened prceanal scales. Olive above,
marbled with black, and genernlly with round light spots pro-
ducing a network ; sometimes the black spots forming a festooned
band on each side of the vertebral line ; the male's throat mai'bled
with blackish.

Prom snout to vent 3 inches ; tail 3-25.

Hah. Upper Indus Valley, Ladak, Tibet.

168. Agama agrorensis.

Stellio agrorensis, StoliczJca, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 128.
Agama agrorensis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. -363.

Head much depressed ; snout longer than the diameter of the
orbit ; nostril lateral, below the canthus rostralis. Upper head-scales
keeled ; occipital not enlarged ; small spinose scales on the sides of
the head near the ear, and on the neck ; ear entirely exposed, larger
than the eye-opening. Throat strongly plicate; no gular pouch.
Body depressed, with a slight fold on each side of the back ; scales
on the neck and sides of the back very small, almost granular,
keeled, those on the vertebral region and on the flanks enlarged,
rhomboidal, imbricate, strongly keeled ; a very slight indication of
nuchal denticulation ; ventral scales smooth, much smaller than the
enlarged dorsals. Limbs and tail as in^. tuhemdata. Male with
a patch of thickened pra\aual scales, and a double longitudinal row
of similar scales on the middle of the belly. Olive above, spotted
with yellow, sometimes with dark and light longitudinal bands :
the male's throat reticulated with grey.

From snout to vent 3*5 inches.

150 AGAMIDJ^:.

Hah. Agror Valley, in Northern Punjab, about 6000 feet above
the sea ; Jhelum valley above Murree ; Kashmir.

169. Agama melannra.

Laudakia (Plocederma) melanura, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1854,

p. 738.
Laudakia tubevculata (non Gray), Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus.

1868, p. 38.
Stellio melanurus, Anders. P. A. S. B. 1871, p. 189 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 117 ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 25.
Agama melanura, BouJeng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 363.

Head depressed, triangular, as broad as long ; snout as long as
the diameter of the orbit; nostril lateral, just below the canthus
rostralis, slightly tubular. Upper head-scales smooth ; occipital
not enlarged ; a group of suiall spines in front of the ear, and other
scattered ones below ; ear opening t« ice as large as the eye-opening.
Throat strongly plicate ; no gular pouch. Body depressed, with a
slight fold on each side of the back ; scales on the ueck and sides
very small, on the latter region mucronate and feebly keeled ;
median dorsal scales enlarged, rhomboidal, imbricate, strongly
keeled, forming regular longitudinal series, some of which are larger
than the others ; a very slight indication of a nuchal denticulation ;
ventral scales smooth, smaller than the largest dorsals. Limbs
strong, with compressed digits ; the scales on the upper surface of
the limbs large and very strongly keeled and spinose ; third and
fourth fingers nearly equal ; fourth toe very sliglitly longer than
third ; fifth extending beyond first. Tail rounded, depressed at the
base, covered with large strongly keeled spinose scales forming
annuli ; it is four times as long as the distance from gular fold to
vent. Males with a patch of callose prasanal scales, and another
patch of similar scales on the middle of the belly. Head and neck
yellow, the rest of the body blackish brown.

From snout to vent 4*5 inches ; tail 9.

Hah. Plateau north of Salt Eange, Punjab ; Khirthar, 8ind.

170. Agama lirata.

Stellio lirata, Blavf. A. M. N. H. (4) xiii, 1874, p. 4m,and Zool.

E. Pers. p. 320, pi. xx, fig. 2,
Agama lirata, Boulemj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 364.

Very closely allied to the preceding, but the scales on the snout
bluntly keeled, and the dorsal scales equal, forming six or seven
rows on the middle of the back. Dusky above, with imperfect
blackish transverse markings ; a small blackish pit before each
shoulder.

Prom snout to vent 4 inches.

Hah. The only specimen known, which I have not seen, was
found on rocks in some barren hills in the Dasht province of
Western Baluchistan.

AGAMA. 151

171. Agama nupta.

Agama nupta, De Fil. Giorn. 1st. Lomb. \i, 1843, p. 407 ; Bouleng,

Cat. Liz. i, p. 365.
Stellio uuptus, Blanf. E. Pers. p. 317, pi. xix, fig. 1 ; Mun\ Zool.

Sind, p. 369.

Head depressed, triangular ; nostril rather large, slightly tabular,
pierced on the canthus rostralis; upper head-scales smooth; occipital
not enlarged ; borders of the tympanum and sides of neck with
groups of well-developed spines ; ear-opening much larger than the
eye-opening. Throat strongly plicate ; no gular pouch ; a trans-
verse fold on the neck. Body depressed ; a distinct curved fold
from the neck to the sides ; dorsal scales rather large, rhomboidal,
strongly imbricate, shortly mucrouate, keeled, the keels forming
oblique lines converging towards the vertebral line ; flanks with
minute scales ; ventral scales suiooth, much smaller than dorsals
and much larger than laterals. Limbs strong, digits compressed ;
scales on upper surface of limbs as large as the dorsals, or a
little smaller ; third aud fourth fingers nearly equal ; fourth
toe slightly longer than third, fifth extending beyond lii'st. Tail
round or slightly compressed, depressed at the base, nearly three
times as long as the distance from gular fold to vent ; caudal
scales larger than dorsals, mucrouate, feebly keeled, forming regular
annul i. ]Male with a patch of thickened praeanal scales and a
similar patch of ventral scales. Yellowish brown above, uniform or
with a darker network of dots ; fore limbs dusky or blackish ;
posterior half of tail black, or annulate with black ; gular region
marbled yellow and dark blue.

From snout to vent 6 inches ; tail 12.

A variety (fusca, Blanf.) is cUstinguished by ha\ing the transverse
nuchal fold less distinct, and the spines on the sides of head and
neck rather longer. General colour blackish brown, throat yellowish.

Hab. Persia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Upper Sind.

172. Agama caucasica.

Stellio caucasicus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. p. 187, and Faun. Casp.-Cauc .

p. 80, pi. xiii, figs. 1-8; Blanf. E. Persia, p. 322, pi. xx, fig. 1.
Agama caucasica, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. \, p. 367.

Head much depressed ; nostril lateral, below the canthus rostralis,
slightly tubular. Upper head-scales smooth ; occipital not en-
larged ; small conical spinose scales on the side of the head near
the ear, and on the neck ; ear larger than the eye-opening. Throat
strongly plicate ; no gular pouch. Body much depressed, with a
very indistinct lateral fold; nuchal aud latero-dorsal scales very
small, granular ; vertebral region with enlarged flat, feebly keeled,
rather irregular scales ; flanks with enlarged, strongly keeled or
spinose scales; no nuchal denticulation ; ventral scales smooth,
distinctly smaller than the enlarged dorsals. 150 to 160 scales
round the middle of the body. Limbs strong, with compressed
digits ; the scales on the upper surface of limbs much enlarged,
strongly keeled, generally spinose ; fourth finger slightly longer

152 AGAMID^.

than third ; fourth toe a little longer than third, fifth extending
beyond first. Tail rounded, depressed at the base, covered with
rather large spinose scales arranged in rings, two rings forming a
distinct segment ; the length of the tail does not equal quite twice
the distance from gvdar fold to vent. Male with a large patch of
callose praeanal scales and an enormous patch of similar scales on
the belly. Olivaceous above, with round yello\\ish black-edged
spots, the black frequently forming a network ; vertebral region
yellowish ; limbs with more or less distinct yellow ish cross bars ;
lower sui'l'ace yellowish in the female, blackish in the breeding male.

From snout to vent 5 inches.

Hah. From the Caucasus to Persia, Baluchistan, and Afghanistan.
This species occurs near Quetta.

Genus PHRYNOCEPHALUS,

Kaup, Isis, 1825, p. 691.

Tympanum hidden. Body depressed. No dorsal crest. A
transverse gular fold ; no gular sac. Tail cylindrical or transversely
oval in section. No femoral or pr^eanal pores.

Distribution. Central Asia, borders of the Caspian Sea, Persia,
Baluchistan.

8and-Agamoic1s, stated to be Adviparous. Some 15 species are
known, of which four occur in Baluchistan and one in Northern
Kashmir.

Fig. 44. — Head of Phyynoccphalus olioicri.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

A. Dorsal lepidosis composed of small scales inter-

mixed with scattered enlarged ones ; digits feebly
fringed ; no spinose scales on sides of head and
ueck P. olivieri, p. 153.

B. Dorsal lepidosis homogeneous; no spinose scales

on sides of liead and ueck.

a. Tail not more than 1§ times the distance

from gular fold to vent P. theohaldi, p. 153.

b. Tail about twice the distance from gular fold

to vent.
a! . Nasal shield separated from its fellow by 3 [p. 154.

to 5 longitudinal series of scales P.caudivohuhis,

V . Nasal shields in contact P. orncdus, p. 154.

c'. Nasal shields separated by one scale P. macidatiis, p. 155.

C. Dorsal lepidosis heterogeneous ; digits strongly

fringed ; sides of head and neck with series of [p. 165.

erect pointed scales P. luteoguttatus,

PHEYNOCEPHALUS. 153

173. Phrynoceplialus olivieri.

Phrynocephalus olivieri, Dum. 8f Bibr. Erj). Gen. iv, p. 517 ; Blnnf.
Zool. E. Persia, p. 327 ; BouJemj. Cat. Liz. i, p. 370; id. Tr. Linn.
Soc. (2) V, 1889, p. !)6, pi. viii, tig. 2.
Phrynocephalus tickelii, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 100.

Snout extremely short ; upper head-scales large, smallest on
the middle of the" supraorbital region, where they are about the
size of the median dorsals ; nostril directed forwards and up-
wards ; nasal large, in contact with its fellow (quite exceptionally
separated by a series of scales). Dorsal scales flat, smooth, juxta-
posed or slightly imbricate, with scattered enlarged nail-like scales ;
sides more or less folded, with small granular scales intermixed with
scattered enlarged ones. Gular, pectoral, and ventral scales smooth,
the former very small but not granular ; ventrals square, forming
slightly oblique transverse series. Outer edge of third and fourth
toes feebly denticulated. Tibia longer than the skull. Tail round,
gradually taperiug to a fine point, covered with smooth or slightly
keeled scales ; on the basal portion of the tail they are intermixed
with enlarged conical scales ; the length of the tail equals once
and two tliirds to a little more than twice the distance from
gular fold to vent. Grey above, marbled with darker and spotted
with lighter ; sometimes a blackish cross band behind the scapular
i-egion, and another in front of the sacral region; sometimes a
large zone on the middle of the back, uniform light grey ; limbs
and tail with blackish cross bars, on the latter forming annuli which
are deep black on the lower surface ; body and limbs \\hite beneath.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 3.

Hah. Persia, Baluchistan, at elevations from 2000 to 7000 feet ;
Afghanistan.

174. Phrynocephalus theohaldi.

Phrynocephalus iheobaldi, Blijth, J. A. S. B. xxxii, 1863, p. 90 ;

Botdeng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 373.
Phrynocephalus caudivolvulus, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 101 ; Theoh. Cat,

p. 115.

Forehead very convex, with enlarged convex scales ; supraorbital
scales about as large as the largest dorsals ; occipital scales much
larger ; nostril directed forwards ; nasal separated from its fellow
by one or three longitudinal rows of scales. Dorsal scales homo-
geneous, small, granular on the sides, enlarged, flat, and subimbri-
cate on the vertebral region, all perfectly smooth ; pectorals and
ventrals small, perfectly smooth, not mucronate. Outer side of
third and fourth toes feebly but distinctly denticulated. Tibia
as long as the skull. Tail roundish, thickened and depressed at
the base, covered with smooth scales, ending obtusely ; its length
li to If times the distance from gular fold to vent. Grey above,
more or less spotted with blackish or with light, dark-edged
ocelli ; lower surface white ; male with the middle of the throat
and of the belly, and the end of the tail beneath, black.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 2*5.

Hah. Upper Indus Valley and Turkestan.

154 AGAMID^.

175. Phrynocephalus caudivolvulus.

Lacerta caudivolvula, Pallas, Zooc/r. Rosso-As. iii, p. 27.
Phrynocephalus caudivolvulus, &««^7«. Bept.B. /. p. 161 (part.) ; Bou-
leng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 375.

Forehead convex and slightly sloping, with moderately enlarged
convex scales ; occipital scales larger than the median dorsals ;
supraorbital scales very small, granular, or nearly as large as
median dorsals ; nostril directed forwards and slightly upwards ;
nasal separated from its fellow by 3 to 5 longitudinal series of
scales. Dorsal scales homogeneous, small, granular on the sides,
enlarged, flat, and subimbricate, smooth or feebly keeled on the
vertebral region. Gular scales smooth or indistinctly keeled ;
pectoral and anterior ventral scales strongly keeled and nuicronate,
posterior ventrais smooth. Scales on upper surface of limbs keeled.
Both sides of third and fourth toes with a strong fringe of acute
lobules. Tibia longer than tlie skull. Tail not quite twice as long
as the distance from gular fold to vent, swollen and much depressed
at the base, then roundish depressed, tapering to a rather fine point,
the end curling upwards ; except on the basal portion of the tail,
the scales are keeled. Greyish above, spotted, marbled, or ver-
miculated with blackish ; tail beneath \\\i\\ 3 to 5 black bars
alternating with \Ahite ones of nearly equal width ; lower surfaces
white.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 2-6.

Hah. From the shores of the Caspian Sea to Turkestan ; Ladak
{fide Schlagintweit).

176. Phrynocephalus ornatus.

Phrynocephalus ornatus, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 496 ; id.
Soc. (2) V, 1889, p. 97, pi. viii, fig. 3.

Tr. Linn,

Forehead convex and slightly sloping, with scarcely enlarged
keeled scales ; occipitals very feebly enlarged ; supraocular scales a
little smaller than median dorsals, imbricate, feebly keeled ; nostril
directed forwards and upwards; nasals very large and in contact
mesially. Dorsal scales homogeneous, small and gi-anular on the
sides, enlarged, flat, imbricate, and feebly keeled on the back.
Gular, pectoral, and ventral scales smooth or indistinctly keeled.
Scales on upper surface of limbs feebly keeled. Digital fringes
moderately developed, stronger on the outer side of the fourth toe
than on the inner. Tibia much longer than the skull. The hind
limb reaches beyond the tip of the snout. Tail nearly twice as long
as the distance from gular fold to vent, strongly depressed at the
base, roundish-depressed throughout the greater part of its length ;
except on the basal portion of the tail, the scales are keeled.
Yellowish or yellowish-grey abo\ e, with small grey or blackish
specks and symmetrical markings ; usually a few rose-coloured,
purple-edged spots on the anterior part of the back and smaller
orange ones on the hinder part ; head with one or two orange trans-

PHEYNOCEPHALUS. 155

verse markings ; usually a blackish or purplish-grey, straight-edged
or festooned lateral baud, which may be edged above with a
yellowish-white baud ; a grey band along the hinder side of the
thighs. Tail sometimes with regular elliptical brown or orange
spots above, separated by a yellowish-white chain. Lower surfaces
white; tail usually lemon-yellow, constantly with 4 or 5 black
spots.

From snout to vent 1'5 inches ; tail 2-1.

Hah. Between Nushki and Helmand Eiver, in Northern Balu-
chistan.

177. Phrynocephalus maculatus.

Phrynocepluilus maculatus, Anders. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 389, fig.; Blanf
ZooL E. Pevs. p. 331 : Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 377 ; id. Tr. Lint)
Soc. (2) V, 1889, pi. ix, tig. 3.

Forehead convex, with slightly enlarged scales ; median supra-
orbital scales as large as or smaller than the uiedian dorsals :
occipital scales slightly enlarged ; nostril directed upwards ; nasal
separated from its fellow by one scale. Dorsal scales homogeneous,
smaller on the sides, rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth. Grular, pec-
toral, and abdominal scales smooth. Scales on the limbs smooth or
feebly keeled. Tl)ird and fourth toes with feeble lateral denticula-
tion. Tibia longer than the skull. Tail depressed, especially at
the base, taperiug to a point, covered with keeled scales ; its length
equals nearly twice the distance from galar fold to vent. Greyish
above, speckled or guttate with whitish, and with more or less
distinct darker dots, spots, or cross bands ; lower surface white ;
end of tail black beneath.

From snout to vent 2'5 inches ; tail 4.

Hub. Persia, Northern Baluchistan.

178. Phrynocephalus luteoguttatiis.

Phrynocephalus luteoguttatus, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 407 ; id.
Tr. Liym. iSoc. (2) v, 1889, p. 98, pi. viii, tig. 4.

Head much depressed, forehead convex, not sloping; upper head-
scales small, obtusely keeled, not enlarged on the occipital region ;
nostril directed forwards and upwards ; nasals in contact mesially ;
three or four series of scales between the orbit and the upper labials ;
none of the chin-shields in contact with the mental or the lower
labials. Sides of head and neck with series of erect pointed scales. A
fold along the flanks. Dorsal scales rather large, rhomboidal, obtusely
keeled, intermixed with some that are enlarged, obtusely keeled.
and flat ; lateral scales smaller, equal. Gular, pectoral, and ventral
scales smooth or very feebly keeled, ending in a point ; median
gulars nearly as large as ventrals. Scales on upper surface of limbs
keeled. Digits strongly fringed, the fringe extremely strong on
the outer side of the fourth toe. Tibia longer than the skull. The
adpressed hind limb reaches the eye. Tail about as long as head

156 AGAMIDiE.

and body, depressed throughout ; caudal scales keeled. Yellowish
brown or pale buff above, with black dots aud round pale yellow
spots ; the sides sometimes blackish ; frequently a blackish streak
along the outer side of the leg ; eyelids salmon-piuk. Lower sur-
faces white, belly sometimes pink ; tail salmon-pink, usually black
at the end, and with 1 to 3 black spots.

From suout to vent 1-6 inches ; tail 1"6.

Hub. Northern Baluchistan, between Nushki and Helmand
Eiver.

Genus LIOLEPIS,

Cuvier, Regne An. 2nd ed. ii, p. 37, 1829.

Tympanum distinct. Body depressed ; skin of sides lax, expan-
sible ; no crest; scales very small. No gular pouch; a strong
transverse gular fold. Tail long, rounded, feebly depressed.
Femoral pores.

Distribution. South-eastern Asia. A single species.

1 79. Liolepis belliana.

Uromastix belliana, Grai/, Zool. Jouni. iii, 1827, p. 220.

Uromastix bellii. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxii.

Liolepis bellii, Cantor, J. A. <S'. B. xvi, 1847, p. 647 ; Boulenrj. Cat.

Liz. i, p. 403.
Liolepis guttatus, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 154 ; Theob. Cat. p. 119.

Head rather small ; snout with strongly curved profile, as long
as the diameter of the orbit or a little longer ; nostril large,
directed backwards ; tympanum large, vertically oval ; upper head-
scales small and strongly keeled on the snout and interorbital region,
minute and granular on the supraorbital region aud the occiput ;
no occipital. Gular scales small, granular ; a series of chin-shields
on each side, parallel with the infralabials, the first shield in con-
tact with the pentagonal mental and the first infralabial. Side of
neck plicate ; a more or less distinct fold along the side of the body.
Dorsal scales minute, granular, feebly keeled, uniform ; \entral
scales larger, subimbricate, smooth. Limbs rather long, with long
slender digits aud loug claws ; the adpressed hind limb reaches the
neck or the tymimnum ; 14 to 21 femoral pores on each side. Tail
about twice as long as head and body, round, depressed at the base,
tapering to a fine point, covei'ed with small, equal, keeled scales,
largest beneath. Grey, brownish or blackish above, with yellowish
black-edged spots which may form ocelli or be confluent into
longitudinal bands ; sides with black and orange A^ertical bars ;
lower surfaces yellow, uniform or variegated with black or blue.

From snout to vent 7 inches ; tail 13.

Hah. South Canara, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Southern
China.

This lizard is herbi- and f rugivorous. Its power of expanding its
flanks in a sort of wing, supported by the very elongate spurious ribs,

ITROMASTIX.

157

M'hich foreshadows the parachute of the Dragons and bears great
analogy to the hood of the Cobra, has led Cantor to suppose it to be
an arboreal form. But Mr. Theobald, who has observed it in its
haunts, states that it is absolutely terrestrial and a burrower,
like Ui-omastiv ; that he has never seen it seek a tree, or adopt any
means of escape but a hasty retreat to its burrow. The use of the
lateral expansions to the lizard is probably to expose a greater
surface when sunning itself. As observed by Cantor, fear or anger
will cause a momentary expansion, as in the case of the Cobra.

Genus UROMASTIX,
Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 56, 1820.

Tympanum distinct. Incisors large, uniting in the adult into
one or two cutting-teeth, separated from the molars by a toothless
interspace. Body depressed, without ci'est. No gular pouch ;
a transverse gular fold. Tail short, depressed, covered with whorls
of large spinose scales. Prreanal and femoral pores present.

Distribution. Arid tracts of North Africa and 8outh-western
Asia. 7 species are known.

These Lizards are herbi- and frugivorous, and terrestrial ; they
live in burrows, resembling rabbit-holes, dug by themselves.

180. Uromastix hardwickii.

Uromastix hardwickii. Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, 1827, p. 219 ; id. 111.
Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxi ; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 155; Theob. Cat.
^ p. 119 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 372 ; Bouleng. Cut. Liz. i, p. 408.

Fig. 4.'i. — Uromastix hardwickii.

Head small, feebly depressed, with short snout and obtuse can-
thus rostralis ; nostril large, directed backwards, nearer the end
of the snout than the eye; tympanum large, vertically elliptical.

158

ANGUID^.

anterior border very slightly denticulated ; upper head-scales
smooth, much larger than those on the body, smallest on supra-
ocular region ; occipital uot enlarged ; labials small and numerous.
Neck strongly plicate. Scales on upper surface very small, uniform
or with slightly enlarged ones forming irregular cross series on the
back ; ventral scales larger, flat, smooth, juxtaposed or subimbri-
cate. Limbs short and thick; hind limb with spinose conical
tubercles ; digits short. 9 to 11 femoral, and 5 or 6 prseanal pores
on each side. Tail above with cross series of enlarged spinose
scales, largest on the sides, gradually decreasing in size towards the
median line ; the rows of spines separated from each other by two
to four rows of small keeled scales ; lower surface of tail covered
with small scales scarcely larger than the abdominals. Sand-
coloured above, uniform or with darker dots or vermiculations ;
lower surfaces whitish ; a large black spot on the anterior face of
the thigh.

From snout to vent 5 inches ; tail 7.

Hah. North-western India and Baluchistan in semi-deserts.

Family IV. ANGUID^.

Skull with bony postorbital and postfronto-squamosal arches ;
dermal cranial ossiiications are present, which roof over the
supratemporal fossa ; pramaxillary single ; nasals distinct ;
parietal single ; a fihro-cartilaginous interorbital septum ; a colu-
mella cranii (ectopterygoid). Dentition pleurodont. Body pro-
tected by bony plates underlying the scales. Clavicle slender.

Tongue moderately elongate, bifid posteriorly,
nicked anteriorly, composed of two distinct
portions : a principal posterior, thick, covered
with villiform papilla^ and a small anterior,
extrusible and retractile into a sheath formed
by a ti'ansverse fold at the anterior extremity
of the villose portion. Head with symmetrical
shields. Scales imbricate. No femoral or
prpeanal pores.

The type of this family is the well-known
European Slow-worm (Auf/uis fragiUs). The
only Indian species {OpMscnirus f/racilis),
likewise apodal and serpentiform, belongs to
a genus w hich is represented by two North-
American species, one Europseo-Asiatic,

ranging from Dahnatia to Afghanistan, and a fifth from Morocco.

The family (45 species) is otherwise confined to the New AVorld.

Fig. 46.— Head of

O'ph'tsunrus gracilis.

OPHISAURUS.

159

Genus OPHISAURUS,

Daudiii, Rept. vii, p. 346, 1803.

A lateral fold. Scales squarish-rhomboidal, forming straight
longitudinal and transverse series. Limbs absent externally, or
reduced to a rudiment of the hind pair. Teeth with conical or
subspherical crowns. Pterygoid teeth.

Distribution. South-eastern Europe, North Africa, South-western
Asia, Himalayas and Burma, Central America.

]81. Ophisanrus gracilis.

Pseudopus gi-acilis, Grcn/, Cat. Liz. p. o6; Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 75;

Thevb. Cat. p. 47.
Ophiseps tessellatus, Bhjih, J. A. S.B. xxii, 1853, p. 655.
Oplii-^aunis gracilis, Boulenrj. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 283, pi. xv, fig. 1.

Fig. 47. — Ophisaurus gracilis.

Lateral teeth conical ; one or two series of teeth on the ptery-
goids. Azygos prefrontal narrouer than the greatest width of
the frontal, usually separated from the latter by two or three
prsefrontals on a transverse series ; interparietal broader than the
parietals, as broad as the occipital or broader ; three shields on a
line from the nasal to the azygos praefrontal ; five supraoculars.
Ear-opening distinct, not larger than the nosti'il. Dorsal plates
keeled, in l4 longitudinal and 100 to 110 transverse series; ven-
trals smooth, in 10 longitudinal series. Xo rudiments of limbs
externally. Tail about twice as long as head and body ; upper
caudal scales keeled, lower less distinctly. Brown above, with a
darker lateral band, and frequently with irregular transverse series
of blue, black-edged spots; lower surface pale brownish or yellowish.

From snout to vent 7 inches.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, Khasi hills, Eastern Bengal, Eangoon,
AVestern Yunnan.

160

VARANID^.

Family V. VARANID^.

Skull with incomplete postorbital and complete postfronto-squa-
mosal bony arches ; supratemporal fossa not roofed over ; prse-
maxillary single, narrowed and much produced posteriorly; nasals
coalesced, narrow ; parietal single ; infraorbital vacuity bounded by
the pterygoid, palatine, and transverse (transpalatine) bones, the
maxillary being excluded ; frontals completely surrounding the
olfactory lobes of the brain ; a fibro-cartilaginous interorbital
septum ; a columella cranii. Teeth large, dilated at the base, which

B

c

Fig. 48.

— Skull of Varanus c/r

iseus.

A. Side view.

B. Upper view.

C. Lower view.

ang.

Angular.

/. Laelirymal.

Pff-

Postf rental.

ar.

Articulai'.

■m. Maxillary.

1-

Quadrate.

ho.

Basioeeipital.

11. Nasal.

s.ang.

Supra-angular.

hp.

Basi sphenoid

00. Opisthotic.

so.

Sujiraoccipital.

c.

Columella ci-anii.

]). Parietal.

sor.

Supraorbital.

cr.

Cor on old.

jpl. Palatine.

xf.

Supratemporal

d.

Dentary.

pm. Prseni axillary.

sq.

Squamosal.

eo.

Exoceipital.

pro. Prootie.

tp.

Transpalatine.

f.

Frontal.

prf. Pra'frontal.

tu.

Turbinal.

is.

Interorbital septum.

pf. Pterygoid.

V.

Vomer.

3-

Jugal.

TARANUS.

161

is fixed to the inner side of the jaws ; palate toothless. No dermal
ossitications on the head or body. Clavicle slender, not dilated ;
iuterclavicle anchor -shaped. Tongue smooth, very long and slender,
bitid, retractile into a sheath at the base. Pupil round ; eyelids

n

Fig. 49. — Pectoral arch of Varanus griseus.

cl. Clavicle.
st. Steniuui.

cor. Coracoid.
e.cor. Epicoracoid.

icl. Iuterclavicle.
sc. Scapula.

well developed ; ear distinct. Limbs well developed, strong ; neck
long ; tail long, cylindrical or compi'essed. Head covered with
small polygonal scales. Dorsal scales roundish, juxtaposed, sur-
rounded by rings of minute granules ; ventral scales squarish,
arranged in cross rows. No femoral or pra^anal pores.

Lizards of large size, carnivorous, terrestrial or aquatic. The
yellowish-grey Varanus r/riseus is essentially a desert Lizard ; V.
salvator and V. niloticus, with their strongly compressed tails, well
deserve the name of ' Water Lizards ; ' whilst the Papuan
emei'ald-green V. prasinus is believed to be arboreal. Eggs oval
and soft-shelled.

A single genus.

Genus VARANUS,
Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 58, 1820.

Of this genus 27 species are known, inhabiting Africa, Southern
Asia, Papuasia, and Australia. They are known in English as
Monitors ; and are called (jJio-samjy in Northern India ; the young
are often called biscobra, and are regarded as venomous, probably
on account of their haying a forked tongue

M

162

VABANIDjE.

B

Fig. 50. — Uppoi- and side >ie\vs of heads of, A. J'aranus hcnf/a/cusis,
B. Varanus salvator.

VARANUS. 163

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Nostril an oblique slit (see fig. 50, A), nearer to

orbit than to end of snout ; tail round or slightly

compressed posteriorly V, griseus, p. 163,

B. Nostril an oblique slit j tail compressed, keeled

above.

a. Nostril a little nearer to end of snout than to

orbit V. Havescens,-^. 164.

b. Nostril nearer to orbit than to end of snout.

a. Ventral scales smooth ; supraoculars equal

(see fig. 50, A) ; nostril much nearer to orbit [p. 161.

than to end of snout V. bengalensis,

V . Ventral scales smooth ; median supraoculars

slightly enlarged transversely (as in fig. 50,

B) ; nostril only a little nearer to orbit than

to end of snout V. nebulosus, p. 165.

c'. ^'e^tral scales keeled ; nuchal scales very

large and flat V. dumerilii, p. 165.

C. Nostril roundish or oval, nearer to end of snout

than to orbit (see tig. 50, B) ; tail compressed,

keeled above V. salvator, p. 166.

182. Varanus griseus.

Tu])Inambis griseus, Daud. liept. viii, p. 352.

Psammosaurus sciucus, Jevdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 70 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 39.
Varanus ornatus {jion Daud.), Carlleyle, J. A. S. B, xxxviii, 1869,

p. 192.
Varanus griseus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 306.

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout depressed at the end, as long as
the distance from anterior border of orbit to anterior border of
ear ; cantbus rostralis distinct. Nostril an oblique slit, about
four times as distant from end of the snout as from orbit. Digits
rather short. Tail round or slightly compressed. Scales of head,
including supraoculars, very small, granular, subequal. Scales on
upper surface small, smooth or feebly keeled ; those on the sides of
tbe neck generally conical in adult specimens. Abdominal scales
smooth, in 110 to 125 transverse series (counted from collar-fold to
groin). Caudal scales more or less distinctly keeled ; no caudal
crest. Greyish yellow, sometimes with more or less distinct brown
cross bars on the back and tail and brown streaks along the sides
of the neck. Young with round yellow spots and dark brown cross
bars and temporal and cervical streaks ; a few brown lines across the
snout and short vertical brown lines on the lower lip.

From snout to vent 1 foot 10 inches ; tail 2 feet 4 inches.

Mab. Deserts of North-western India ; westwards, through
Southern Asia to the Caspian Sea and North Africa.

m2

164 TAKANID.E.

183. Varanus flavescens.

Monitor flavescens, Gray, Grif. A. K. ix, Syn. p. 25, and III. Ind.

Zool. \\, pi. Ixvii.
Varanus flavescens, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 634 ; Giinth.

JRept. B. I. p. 05, pi. ix, tig. A ; Theob. Cat. p. 38 ; Bouleng. Cat.

Liz. n, p. 309.

Teetli subcoiiical, scarcely compressed. Snout short, convex,
measuring a little less tluin the distance from the anterior border of
the orbit to the anterior border of the ear ; canthus rostralis distinct.
Nostril an obhque slit, a little nearer to the end of the snout than
to the orbit. Digits short, the length of the fourth toe, measured
from its articulation with the tarsus to the base of the claw, not
exceeding the length of the femur. Tail feebly compressed, keeled
above. Scales of head small, subeqnal ; the median series of
supraocular scales slightly dilated transversely. Scales on upper
surfaces moderate, oval, keeled. Abdominal scales smooth, in 05 to
75 tx'ansverse roA\s. Caudal scales keeled ; the caudal keel with a
very low, doubly-toothed ci'est. Olive or yellowish brown above,
with irregular darker markings which are generally confluent into
broad cross bars ; a blackish temporal streak ; lower surfaces
yellowish, with rather indistinct brown cross bars, ^^•hich are most
distinct on the tln-oat. Young dark brown above, with yellow-
spots confluent into cross bars ; lower surface yellow, with dark
brown cross bars.

From snout to vent 1 foot 3 inches ; tail 1 foot S inches.

Hah. Northern India, Burma, IMalay Peninsula. Terrestrial.

184. Varanus bengalensis.

Tupinambis bengalensis, Daml. Kept, iii, p. 67.

Varanus bibrouii, B/yth, J. A. S. B. xi, 1842, p. 8G9.

Varanus luuatus, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. lO ; Giinth. Bept. B. I. p. 66,

pi. ix, tig. C ; Theob. Cat. p. 38.
Monitor drac-sena, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 146.
Varauus draCEcna, Giinth. I. c. p. 65, pi. ix, fig. B ; Theob. I. c.
Varanus bengalensis, Boideny. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 310.

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout high, very convex at the end,
as long as the distance from the anterior corner of the eye to the
ear ; canthus rostralis well marked. Nostril an oblique slit, a little
nearer to the orbit than to the tip of the snout. Ear-opening
oblique. Digits strong, moderately elongate. Tail compressed,
keeled above. Scales of head small, subequal ; supraocular scales
smaller, subequal. Scales of upper surface of body and limbs small,
oval, tectiforni on the hinder part of the back. Abdominal scales
smooth, in 90 to 110 transverse rows. Caudal scales keeled;
caudal keel with a very low, doubly-toothed crest. Upper surface
yellowish, brownish, or olive, with more or less numerous blackish
dots ; a more or less distinct dark streak on the temple ; lower

VAEANUS. 165

surface yellowish, uniform or dotted with blackish ; the dots
most numerous on the throat. Young with numerous whitish
ocelli frequently alternating with blackish transverse bands, which
may persist after the ocelli have disappeared ( V. lunatus).

From snout to vent 2| feet; tail 3|.

Hah. The whole of India and Ceylon ; Burma ? Terrestrial,
living in holes, in dry places.

185. Varanus nebulosus.

Monitor nebulosus, Gray, Griff. A. K. ix, Syn. p. 27.
Varanus nebulosus, Giinth. Repf. B. I. p, 06, pi. ix, fig. D ; Thcoh.
Cat. p. .39 ; Bouletiy. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 311.

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout rather elevated, pointed, convex,
as long as the distance from the anterior corner of the eye to the
posterior border of the ear ; canthus rostralis distinct. Nostril an
oblique slit, half as far from orbit as from end of snout. Ear-opening
oblique. Digits moderately elongate. Tail compressed, keeled
above. Scales of head small, subequal ; supraocular region with a
series of four to seven transversely dilated scales. Scales on upper
surfaces small, oval, obtusely keeled, those on anterior part of neck
larger, subcircular, not keeled. Abdouiinal scales smooth, in about
80 transverse rows. Caudal scales keeled ; the caudal keel with a
very low, doubly-toothed crest. Greenish or brownish olive,
irregularly marbled and dotted with darker and lighter ; chin and
throat \\ith transverse blackish bands or marbled with blackish.
The young have numerous yellowish ocelli on the back, limbs, and
base of tail, and the whole of the lower surfaces marbled with
blackish ; nape with two posteriorly directed, chevron-shaped,
blackish bands, the anterior proceeding from the eyes.

From siK)ut to vent 1 foot 2 inches ; tail 2 feet.

Hab. Bengal, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula.

186. Varanus dunierilii.

Monitor dumerilii (Mii/L), Sc/iley. Ahhild. p. 78.

Varauus macrolepis, Blanf. J. A. S. B.\, 1881, p. 239, pi. xvi.

Varanus dumerilii, Boakm/. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 312.

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout depressed at the end, measuring
a little more than the distance from the anterior border of the orbit
to the anterior border of the ear ; canthus rostralis not well marked.
Nostril oblique, about half as far from orbit as from tip of snout.
Digits moderate. Tail strongly compressed, keeled above. Scales
of head moderate, subequal ; those in the middle of the supraocular
region slightly enlarged transversely. Scales on upper surface of
neck very large, about as broad as long, flat, the hindermost slightly
keeled; dorsal scales large, oval, keeled; scales above the limbs
keeled. Abdominal scales slightly keeled, in 75 to 85 transverse

106 yaeanidjE.

rows. Caudal scales keeled, the lateral sometimes intermixed with
larger ones ; the caudal keel with a very low, doubly-toothed crest.
Light brown above ; a dark temporal streak, from eye to ear,
generally confluent with a U-shaped dark marking on the neck ;
back with very broad dark transverse bars, broader than the inter-
spaces between them ; limbs dark brown, spotted with yellow ;
more or less distinct vertical dark bars on the lips ; belly yellowish,
uniform or with transverse dark bands.

Prom snout to vent 1 foot 3 inches.

Hah. Teuasserim, Sumatra, Borneo.

187. Varanus salvator.

Stellio salvator, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 56.

Varanus salvator, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 635 ; BouJenfj.

Cat. Liz. ii, p. 314.
Hydrosaurus salvator, Gilnth. Rept. B. I. p. 67, pi. ix, fig-. E ; Theob.

Cat. p. 39.

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout depressed at the tip, long, the
distance from that point to the anterior corner of the eye being
generally a little greater than the distance from the latter to the
anterior border of the ear ; canthus rostralis obtuse. Nostril oval,
at least twice as far from the orbit as from the tip of the snout.
Digits moderate. Tail strongly compressed, keeled above. Scales
of head moderate, subequal, lai'ger than those on the temples ; supra-
ocular region with a series of 4 to 8 large transversely dilated
scales. Scales on upper surfaces small, oval, keeled ; abdominal
scales keeled, in 85 to 95 transverse rows. Caudal scales keeled ;
the caudal ridge with a A'ery low, doubly-toothed crest. Dark
brown or blackish above, with yellow spots or ocelli ; snout
generally lighter, with transverse black bars, most distinct on the
lips, and continued across the chin ; a black temporal band, com-
mencing from the eye and bordered by a yellow band which some-
times extends along the side of the neck ; lower surfaces yellow.
The markings most accentuated in the young.

From snout to vent 3 feet 4 inches.

Hah. Bengal, Ceylon, S. China, Burma, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. Eound in marshy localities or on trees overhanging
rivers ; enters the water readdy.

LACERTID.T.

167

Family VI. LACERTID^.

Skull with bouy postorbital aud post
frouto-squamosal arches ; prtemaxillary sin-
gle ; nasals distinct ; parietal single ; a
tibro-cartilaginous interorbital septum ; a
columella cranii. Skull with bony dermal
plates, roofing over the supratemporal
fossae. Dentition pleurodont. Clavicle
dilated and perforated proximally ; inter-
clavicle cruciform. Tongue flat, elongate,
bifid in front and behind, covered with
rhomboidal scale-like papillae or overlapping
plicae converging forwards. Limbs well
developed. Tail long, fragile. Pupil round;
eyelids well developed. Ear distinct.
Femoral pores usually distinct. Head
with synnnetrical sliields. Dorsal scales
juxtaposed or imbricate, usually smaller
than the ventrals, which form longitudinal
and transverse series.
Distribution. Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the Indian Eegion
the species are but few in number.

Fig. 51. — Tongue of
Acanthodactylus cantoris

Sijnopsis of Indian, Oeylonese, and Burmese Genera.

Tachydromus, p. 168.

[p. 170.
Acanthodactylus,

A. Inguinal, but no femoral pores ; dorsal

scales large and keeled ; flanks granular.

B. Femoral pores.
«. Nostrils pierced between two nasals and

the flrst labial ; digits fringed laterally.
b. Nostril not touching the first labial.
a' . Lower eyelid with a very large trans-
parent disk, through which the eye
is entirely visible ; dorsal scales
pointed, imbricate, and strongly
keeled.
a" . Lower eyelid distinct from the

rudimentary upper Cabeita, p. 171.

//'. No movable eyelids, the lower

having fused with the ujjper .... Ophiops, p. 173.
h' . Lower eyelid scaly or with a small
transparent disk ; dorsal scales
granular.

a". Digits not fringed laterally Eremias, p. 176.

b". Digits fringed laterally Scapteira, p. 179.

168

LACEETID^.

Fig, 52. — Upper and side views of head of Eremias gutfulafa, to explain the
nomenclature of the shields.

cs. Chin-shields.
/. Frontal.
fn. Frontonasal.
fj}- Frontoparieta
ip. Interparietal.
V,P. Loreals.
la. Upper labials.

la'. Lower labials.
m. Mental.

11. Nasal.

0. Occipital.

p. Parietal.
■pf. Pr:Tfrontal.
pn. Postnasal.

r. Rostral.
sbo. Subocular.
sc. Supraciliaries.
■SM. Supranasal.
so. Supraocular.
ty. Tympanic.

Genus TACHYDROMUS,
Daudin, Kept, iii, p. 251, 1803.
Head-shields Bormal*. Nostril pierced between tA\o nasals and

* I. e. a frontonasal, apairofprajfrontals, a frontal, a pair of frontoparietals,
a pair of parietals, nn interparietal, and an occipital.

TACHTDROMUS. 169

the first labial. Lower eyelid scaly. Collar more or less distinct.
Back covered with large, rhoinboidal, keeled shields forming longi-
tudinal series ; flanks granular ; ventral shields rhomboidal, imbri-
cate, all or part keeled. Digits subcyhudrical, with smooth, tuber-
cular subdigital lamellae, the distal lamellae much enlarged. Inguinal
pores ; no femoral pores. Tail extremely long, cylindrical.

Distribution. Eastern Asia ; Japan ; Indian archipelago. Four
species are known.

Synopsis of Indian and Burmese Species.

First large supraocular in contact with

loreal T. sexUneatus, p. 1(59.

A small shield between supraocular and

loreal T. tachydromoides, p. 160,

188. Tachydromus sexlineatus.

Tachydromus sexlineatus, Baud.Eept. iii, p. o56, pi. xxxix ; Gilnfk.

liept. B. I. p. 60, pi. viii, fig. C ; Theob. Cat. p. 41 ; Boidcng. Cat.

Liz. iii, p. 4.
Tachydromus meridonalis, Gi'mth. I. c. p. 70, pi. viii, fig. D.
Tachydromus sikimmensis, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (6) i, 1888, p. 168.

Supraoculars in contact wij h the supraciliaries ; the large anterior
supraocular in contact Mith tlie loreal ; temporal scales strongly
keeled. 6 or 8 longitudinal series of strongly keeled shields on
the nape, four on the back, median pair largest ; 10 or 12 longi-
tudinal series of strongly keeled ventral shields (lateral series in-
cluded). 1 to 6 inguinal pores on each side. Greenish or brownish
above, with metallic gloss ; a more or less distinct whitish, black-
edged streak from the supraciliary edge along each side of the back
to the base of the tail ; the black band bordering the light streak
beneath begins on the loreal region and passes through the eye
and above the tympanum ; sometimes t^o narrow black lateral
lines instead of the black band ; sides frequently with small round
light spots ; lower surfaces yellowish or greenish.

From snout to vent 2'5 iuches ; tail 11.

Hah. Southern China, Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burma, Indo-
China, Java, Borneo.

189. Tachydromus tachydromoides.

Lacerta tachydromoides, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Rept. p. 101, pi. i,

tigs. 5-7.
Tachydromus japonicus, Giinth. Rcpt. B. I. p. 60.
Tachydromus septeulrionalis, Giinth. I. c. p. 70, pi. viii, fig. E.
Trachydromus haughtonianus, JerrfoM, P. A. 8. B. 1870, p. 72 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 41.
Tachj^dromus tachydromoides, Bouleny. Cat. Liz, iii, p. 5.

Head shorter than in T, sexlineatus. A series of granules

170 LACEETIDJE.

between the supraoculars and the siipraciliaries ; a small shield sepa-
rates the large anterior supraocular from the loreal ; temporal scales
obtusely keeled. Dorsal shields very variable in number and in
size, very strongly keeled ; they usually form 6 to 8 series, of which
the median are as a rule the smallest ; sometimes only five series
on the posterior half of the body ; 8 or 10 series of large ventrals,
which are either all strongly keeled or only the outer rows ; 2 to
4 longitudinal rows of smaller keeled shields on each side of the
ventrals. One or two inguinal pores on each side. Greenish or
brownish above, with or without a light black-edged dorso-lateral
band as in T. seoilncatiis ; a more or less distinct light streak from
below the eye to the shoulder, sometimes extending along the side
of the body; lower surfaces yellowish or greenish.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches ; tail 8.

Hab. Japan, China, Assam.

Genus ACANTHODACTYLTJS,
Wiegmann, Ilerp. Mex. p. 10, 1834.

Head-shields normal, occipital absent. Nostril pierced between
t\^o nasals and the first labial. Lower eyelid scaly. Collar more
or less distinct. Dorsal scales juxtaposed or imbricate ; ventrals
smooth, slightly imbricate. Digits keeled beneath and more or
less strongly fringed laterally. I'emoral pores. Tail subcylindrical.

Distrihution. 8outh of Spain and Portugal ; Africa north of the
equator ; South-western Asia eastwards to the Punjab. 10 species
are known.

These are true Sand-Lizards. Their movements are very quick.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

Not more than 16 longitudinal rows of keeled

scales between the hind limbs A. cantoris, p. 170.

Posterior dorsal scales much smaller than the

caudals A. micropholis, p. 171.

190. Acanthodactylus cantoris.

Acanthodactylus cantoris, Giinth. Kept. B. I. p. 73 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 42; Blanf. E. Persia, Zool p. 381, pi. xxvi, fig. 3; Murray,

Zuol. Sind, p. 348 ; Bouleng, Cat. Liz. iii, p. GO.
? Acanthodactylus micvopholis {non Bhnif.), Murray^ I. c.

Snout acutely pointed. Four supraoculars ; subocular not
reaching the lip; temporal scales keeled; front edge of the ear
usually rather feebly, but distinctly, denticulated. Dorsal scales
strongly keeled, very much larger on the hinder part of the back
than between the shoulders and on the flanlvs, rhomboidal, strongly
imbricate ; 10 to 16 large keeled scales on a transverse line between
the hind limbs. Ventral plates usually broader than long, in straight
longitudinal and slightly angular transverse series; 12 or 14 plates

CABRITA. 171

across the middle of the body. Usually a median series of broad
proeanals, the posterior largest. The hind limb reaches the ear or the
eye. 17 to 23 femoral pores on each side. Digital dentieulatlons
strong, usually as long as the diameter of the corresponding part
of the toe, much more developed on the outer than on the inner
edge of the fourth toe. Upper caudal scales strongly keeled ;
basal subcaudals smooth or obtusely keeled. Greyish or bull above,
with or without small blackish spots ; youug with whitish longitu-
dinal lines separated by blackish interspaces with series of round
whitish spots, which markings gradually become more indistinct ;
tail pink in the young.

From snout to vent 2*75 inches ; tail 6.

Hab. North-western India, from Agra to Sind, Baluchistan,
South-eastern Persia.

191. Acanthodactylus micropholis.

Acanthodactylus micropholis, Blanf, A. M. N. II. (4) xiv, 1874,
p. 33 ; id. E. Persia, Zool. p. 383, pi. xxvi, fig-. 2 ; Bouleny. Cat. Liz.
in, p. G3.

Snout obtuse. Three supraoculars, the fourth being broken up
into granules, the first usually separated from the second by a
series of granules ; subocular usually bordering the lip ; temporal
scales smooth; front edge of the ear very feebly denticulated.
Dorsal scales more or less strongly keeled, very small on the nape,
gradually increashig in size towards the posterior part of the back,
where they are very much smaller than the caudals, rhomboidal,
feebly imbricate. Ventral plates broader than long, in 10 longi-
tudinal series. Prseanals usually small, irregular or with a median
series transversely enlarged. The adpressed hiud limb reaches the
tympanum or the eye. 21 to 27 femoral pores on each side.
Digital dentieulatlons moderately developed, much shorter than the
diameter of the corresponding part of the toe, usually more deve-
loped on the outer than on the inner edge of the fourth toe.
Upper caudal scales keeled ; basal subcaudals smooth or obtusely
keeled. Grey above, with white longitudinal lines on the body and
round spots on the limbs ; the interspaces between the light lines
frequently blackish, with a series of small romid white spots.

From snout to vent 2*4 inches ; tail 5.

Hah. Baluchistan ; South-eastern Persia.

Genus CABRITA,
Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 282.

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between two or three
nasals. Lower eyelid distinct from the rudimentary upper, and
having a very large transparent disk. Collar absent. Dorsal
scales imln-icate and strongly keeled. A^nitral plates imbricate.

172 LACEETID^.

smooth. Digits compressed, with sharply keeled scales beneath.
Femoral pores. Tail cylindrical.

Distribution. India, Ceylon, inhabiting wooded country as a rule.

Syno])sis of Indian Species.

Anterior labials keeled, forming a projecting

margin ; occipital present C. leschenaultii, p. 172.

Labials not keeled ; no occipital C.jerclonii, p. 173.

192. Cabrita leschenaultii.

Lacerta leschenaultii, M.-Echv. Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 80, 86,

pi. vi, fig. 9.
Cabrita brunnea, Gray, Ann. N. H. \, 1838, p. 282 ; Theoh. Cat.

p. 42.
Cabrita lescbenaulti, Gilntli. Rept. B. I. p. 71 : Theoh. I. c. ; IJoulent/.

Cat. Liz. iii, p. 70.

Upper head-shields strongly keeled and striated ; anterior labials
keeled, forming a projecting margin ; canthus rostralis very strong ;
nostril in the horizontal suture between two large nasals \^hich are
extensively in contact with the rostral, and followed by one or two
small postnasals, the upper of which sometimes enters the nostril ;
no azygos prtefrontal; frontal long and narrow ; a small occipital;
4 supraoculars, first and fourth small, the two principal separated
from tbe supraciliaries by a series of granules ; subocular bordering
the lip, between the fourth and fifth (or fifth and sixth) upper
labials ; temporal scales small, keeled ; two large shields border the
parietals exteriorly ; a curved large shield on the supero-anterior
border of the ear-opening ; six large chin-shields on each side, the
three anterior in contact \\'ith their fellows. Dorsal scales mode-
rately large, scarcely larger on the back than on the sides ; ventrals
broader than long, in 6 longitudiual and 25 to 29 ti-ansverse series,
the median longitudinal series narrower than the others ; 42 to 48
scales round the middle of the body, ventrals included. A large
postero-niedian pr»anal plate. The hind limb reaches the ante-
humeral fold or a little beyond the ear ; the length of the foot equals
the distance between the antehumeral fold and the nostril or the
tip of the snout. 12 to 16 femoral pores on each side. Tail nearly
twice as long as head and body ; caudal scales much larger than
dorsals. Brownish or golden above ; a pale band, edged above with
a black one, along each side of the body and tail, commencing from
the supraciliary edge ; auother pale, black-edged baud along the
upper lip and side of the body ; the space between the two light
bands on each side usually black, or spotted with black; lower
surfaces yellowish-white, tail and hind limbs often reddish.

l>om snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 4.

Hab. Peninsular India as far north as S.E. Berar and Chanda ;
Cevlon.

OPHIOPS.

173

193. Cal)rita jerdonii.

Cabrita jerdonii, Beddome, Madras Monthly Journ. Med. Sc. 1870,
p. 34 ; T/ieob. Cat. p. 42 ; Boideng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 71.

Differs from the precediug in the follo\A"iiig points : — A single
anterior nasal, followed by two postnasals ; labials not keeled, no
projecting labial margin ; usually one or two small azygos shields
between the pair of prsefrontals : no occipital. Dorsal scales as
large as the caudals, much larger than the laterals ; ventral plates
subequal ; 27 to 30 scales round the middle of the body. The
length of the foot is less than the distance between the antehumeral
fold and the nostril. Femoral pores 11 to 15. Brownish or
golden above, \\\t\\ two hght lateral bands as in C. leschenaultii,
which are, however, not bordered with black bands, but with
longitudinal series of black spots ; lips, and frequently also the
throat, speckled \\ith black.

Hah. Godavari valley, extending north to Chutia Xagpur, and
south to Cuddapah.

Genus OPHIOPS,
Menetries, Cat. Rais. p. 63, 1832.

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between two to four
nasals. Eyelids immovable, the lower united with the upper,
with a very large transparent disk. Collar absent or very indis-
tinct. Dorsal scales imbricate and strongly keeled. Ventral
plates imbricate, smooth. Digits compressed, with sharply keeled
scales beneath. Femoral pores. Tail cylindrical.

Fig. 53. — Head of Ophiops bcddomii.

Distribution. North Africa, Turkey, South-western Asia, India.
G species are known.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

A. Upper head-scales rugose, keeled and striated ;

28 to 35 scales round middle of body (ven-

trals included).

a. A single frontonasal 0. jerdonii, p. 174.

6. Two or three frontonasals O. beddomii, p. 174.

174 LACERTID^.

B. Upper liead-scales smooth.

a. Snout moderate ; 30 to 40 scales round the

body (ventrals inchided) O. ele(/ans, p. 175.

b. Snout long, much depressed ; 62 to C4 scales

round the body O. microlepis, p. 175.

194. OpMops jerdonii.

Ophiops jerdoui, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 653 ; Theob. Cat.

p. 44 ; Bouleng. Cut. Liz. iii, p. 73.
Pseudophiops theobaldi, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 71.
Cabrita leschenaultii, Murr. Zool. Sind, p. 347.
Calosaura chaperi, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Fhilom. (7) viii, 1884, p. 142.

Head moderate, feebly depressed. Upper head-shields rugose,
keeled and striated ; nostril lateral, pierced betvAeen 3 or 4 shields,
viz. an anterior, or an upper and a lower anterior nasal and two
superposed postnasals ; a large frontonasal ; frequently one or two
small azygos shields between the pair of prsefrontals ; four supra-
oculars, first and fourth small, the two principal separated from
the supraciliaries by a series of granules ; occipital small, sometimes
a little broader than the interparietal, with which it forms a suture ;
subocular bordering the lip, between the fourth and fifth (or third
and fourth) upper labials ; temporal scales small, keeled ; one or two
large supratemporal shields border the parietals externally ; tjmi-
panic shield small or indistinct. No gular fold extending from ear
to ear ; collar quite indistinct. Dorsal scales large, strongly keeled,
much imbricate, scarcely larger on the back than on the sides ; 28
to 35 scales round the middle of the body (ventrals included). A
large postero-median pra^anal plate. The hind limb reaches the
shoulder or halfway between the latter and the ear in the male,
not to axilla in the female. 7 to 11 femoral pores on each side.
Tail once and a half to twice as long as head and body ; caudal
scales about as large as dorsals. Coppery-brown above, with two
pale golden lateral streaks bordered with black, the upper exten-
ding from the supraciliaries to the tail, the lower from the upper
lip to the groin ; frequently a series of large black spots between
the two lateral streaks ; lower surfaces yellowish \A'hite.

Erom snout to vent 1*65 inches; tail 3'2,

Hah. Central India (Saugor, Mhow), N.W. Provinces (Agra),
Punjab, Sind, also Madras Presidency (Bellary).

195. Ophiops heddomii.

Pseudophiops beddomei, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 72.

Ophiops monticola, Beddome, Madras Jown. Med. Sc. 1870 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 45.
Ophiops beddoniii, Boulemj. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 74, pi. iii, tig. 3.

Very closely allied to the preceding. Two or three frontonasals
on a transverse line ; one or two azygos prefrontals nearly always
present ; first and fourth supraoculars usually broken up into

opHiops. 175

several very small shields or granules. Lateral scales distiuctly
smaller thau dorsals ; 28 to 32 scales rouud the hody. Femoral
pores 8 to 13. Coloration as iu 0. jenlonii, hut the upper lateral
light streak frequently absent.

Hah. AVynaad (5000 feet), S. Cauara, Khauddla near Bombay.

196. Ophiops elegans.

Opliiops elegans, Menefr. Cat. Hais. p. 63 ; Blanf. Zool. E. Fers.

p. 367 ; Boulenf/. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 7o.
Gymnops meizolepis, Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872. p. 124.
Ophiops meizolepis, Blanf. I. c. p. 309, pi. xxv, fig. 2 ; Theoh. Cat.

p. 47.

Head moderate, feebly depressed. Upper head-shields smooth
or slightly rugose ; nostril lateral, pierced between an upper and
a lower nasal, and followed by one or two postnasals; frontonasal
single ; four supraoculars, first and fourth very small, the two
principal separated from the supraciliaries by a series of granules :
occipital small, in contact with or separated from the interparietal :
subocular bordering the lip, normally between the fourth and fifth
upper labials ; temporal scales small, smooth ; usually two large
supratemporal shields bordering the parietal ; a large tympanic
shield. A gular fold may be distinguishable ; collar absent or
feebly marked. Dorsal scales variable in size, as large as or larger
thau the laterals ; 30 to 40 scales rouud the middle of the body,
veutrals included. A more or less enlarged postero-median
pi'a;aual plate. The hind limb reaches about the ear iu the male,
the shoulder or a little beyond in the female. 7 to 12 (usually
9 to 11) femoral pores on each side. Tail about twice as long as
head and body. Olive or bronzy above, with black spots usually
forming longitudinal series, sometimes forming a netx^'ork ; fre-
quently one or two light longitudinal streaks ou each side ; lower
surfaces white.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 4.

Hah. Turkey, Caucasus, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, Punjab.

197. Ophiops microlepis.

Ophiops microlepis, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 351, pi. xv,
figs. 1-5 ; Theob. Cat. p. 46 ; Bouleny. Cat. Lb. iii, p. 77.

Head much depressed; snout long; loreal region concave;
upper labials projecting, angular. Upper head-shields smooth ;
nostril latero-superior, pierced between an upper and a lower nasal ;
a small postnasal wedged in between the two nasals ; these three
shields more or less distinctly swollen ; frontonasal single ; prte-
frontals obtusely keeled; frontal much narrowed posteriorly,
grooved longitudinally ; four supraoculars, first and fourth smallest,
the two principal separated from the supraciliaries by a series of
granules ; occipital small, broader thau the interparietal, with

176 LAOERTIDiE.

whieli it is usually in contact : subocular borclenng the lip, betweeu
the fourth and fifth upper labials; temporal scales small, obtusely
keeled ; two large supratemporals bordering the parietal ; tympanic
shield very large, opercle-like. No gular fold ; collar usually dis-
tinguishable. Dorsal scales small, as large as laterals or slightly
larger ; 52 to 64 scales round the middle of the body, veutrals in-
cluded. Ventrals in 6 longitudinal series. A large postero-median
prteaual ])late. The hind limb reaches the ear, or between the
latter and the eye. 13 to 16 femoral pores on each side. Tail
about twice as long as head and body ; caudal scales \evy large.
Brown or greyish above, with small black spots which may form a
network on the sides ; usually one or two pale longitudinal streaks
on each side ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches ; tail 5-5.

Hah. Northern India ; Cutch ; Kurhurbaree (Bengal) ; Bilaspur.

Genus EREMIAS,
Wiegmann, Herp. Mex. p. 9, 1834.

Head-shields normal ; occipital often absent. Nostril pierced
betvveen three or four nasals. Lower eyelid scaly, or with a small
transparent disk. Collar more or less distinct. Dorsal scales
small, juxtaposed or imbricate ; ventral shields feebly imbricate,
smooth. Digits subcylindrical or compressed, with keeled lamellae
beneath. Femoral pores. Tail cylindrical.

Of this essentially African and Central Asian genus, of which
25 species are known, only a few representatives occur in the
North-western area of our fauna.

Synopsis of Indian Species.

A. Ventral plates in straight lougitudiual

series ; lower nasal resting on fii-st labial

only.

a. Ventral plates in 10 longitudinal series ;

occipital in contact with interparietal . . E. guttulata, p. 1 77.

b. Ventral plates in 12 longitudinal series ;

occipital separated from interparietal . . E, brevirostris, p. 177.

B. Ventral plates forming oblique longitudinal

series ; lower nasal resting on the two or
three anterior labials ; no occipital.

a. Length of foot in adult less than distance

between collar-fold and nostril ; 50 to 65
scales (counting from veutrals) across
middle of body E. velox, p. 178.

b. Length of foot equals distance between

collar-fold and nostril or end of snout ;

45 to 50 scales across middle of body . . E.fasciata, p. 179.

EEEMIAS. 177

198. Eremias guttulata.

Lacerta guttulata, Lklit. Verz. Douhl. Hits. Berl. p. 101.^
Eremias (Mesalina) watsonaua, StoUczha, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 86;

rheoh. Cat. p. 43 ; Miirr. Zool. Sind, p. 349.
Mesaliua partialis, Blanf. Zool. E. Fers. p. 377 ; Murr. L c. p. 350.
Eremias guttulata, Boideng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 87.

Snout rather pointed. Nasals more or less swollen ; frontonasals
separated from the rostral by the upper nasals ; 2 praifrontals ; 4
supraoculars, first and fourth very small, sometimes broken up, the
first in contact with the loreal ; a series of jS^ranules between the
two principal supraoculars and the supraciliaries ; interparietal
pentagonal, in contact with a small occipital ; temporal scales
granular, smooth ; no auricular denticiilation ; lower eyelid wdth a
more or less transparent disk formed usually of two, not unfre-
quently of several scales, seldom of one ; subocular bordering the
lip, normally between the fourth and fifth upper labials ; the
three anterior pairs of chin-shields in contact. A more or less
marked transverse gular fold, connecting the ears ; collar curved
or more or less angular, free or attached (sometimes indistinct)
in the middle, formed of 8 to 1] plates. Dorsal scales roundish,
convex, smooth, juxtaposed, 40 to 55 across the middle of the
body ; ventral plates in straight longitudinal and transverse series,
broader than long ; in 10 longitudinal series, the outer series
composed of very small plates. Normally a larg(i pra^anal plate,
bordered by two semicircles of smaller ones. The hind limb reaches
the shoulder or not so far in the female, the shoulder or halfway
between the shoulder and the ear in the male ; foot as long as
the distance between the arm and the anterior border of the orbit
or the centre of the eye ; one series of large, or two of small,
subtibial plates. 10 to 17 femoral pores. Tail once and a half to
twice the length of the head and body; upper caudal scales strongly
keeled; basal subcaudals smooth or very obtusely keeled. Greyish
or rufous-brown above, \\ith very variable markings ; series of black
spots aud white ocelli, or series of more or less confluent blackish
spots along the body; some specimens with irregularly scattered
blackish dots, or with regular blackish and white longitudinal
lateral bands ; others with a broad dark grey vertebral band with
a series of shaft-like blackish marks on each side of it, &c. ; lower
surface white.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 4.

Hah. North Africa ; South-western Asia, from Arabia and
Syria to Afghanistan and Sind.

199. Eremias brevirostris.

Eremias watsonanus, Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 125 (nee ante,

p. 86).
Mesalina brevirostris, Blavf. A. M. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874, p. 32; id.

Zool. E. Persia, p. 379 ; 'Tlieob. Cat.y.j^.
Eremias brevirostris, Boidevy. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 89.

178 LACERTID^.

Very closely allied to E. guitulata. Snout shorter, nasals strongly
swollen ; inter])arietal not in contact with the occipital, which is
minute. Ventrals in 12 longitudinal series, only the two median
distinctly hroader than long.

Hab. Tumb Island, Persian Gulf ; Punjab.

200. Ereinias velox.

Lacerta velox, Pallas, Heise, i, p. 457.

Ereniias vtlux, Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 374 ; Boulemj. Cat. Liz. iii,

p. U7.
Eremias per&ica, Blanf. I. c. p. 370, pL xxvi, tig. 1.

Head moderate; snout rather obtuse. Nasals swollen, the lower
usually in contact with the rostral ; frontonasal separated from the
rostral ; two praefrontals (occasionally with a small additional
median shield); two large supraoculars, \\ith a smaller one in front
and behind, which are frequently broken up into small scales or
granules ; the length of the first principal supraocular equals or
exceeds its distance from the loreal ; the supraoculars usually in
contact with the frontal ; interparietal small ; no occipital ;
temporal scales granular, smooth ; no auricular denticulation ;
lower eyelid scaly ; subocular bordering the lip, usually between
the sixth and seventh upper labials ; the two or three first labials
in contact with the lower nasal. A more or less distinct transverse
gular fold, connecting the ears ; collar slightly curved, perfectly
free, with 9 to 11 plates. Dorsal scales granular, round, juxtaposed,
perfectly smooth, 50 to Go across the middle of the body. Yentral
plates forming more or less regular oblique longitudinal, arid
slightly angular transverse series ; the longest transverse series
contain 14 or 16 plates, which are as long as broad or a little
longer than broad. Praianal scales usually small and irregular,
sometimes with a much enlarged posterior shield. The adpressed
hind limb usually reaches the collar, or between the latter and the
ear, in seme female specimens not beyond the axil ; foot as long as
the distance between the arm and the centre of the eye, or the
anterior border of the orbit ; an outer scries of large subtibial
shields, which are more than thrice the size of the others. 17 to
25 femoral pores on each side, the two series sometimes nearly
meeting in the middle. Tail once and a half to twice as long as
head and body; upper caudal scales, at tlie base, more or lets
distinctly keeled, or smooth ; basal subcaudals smooth. Young
blackish above, with whitish longitudinal lines along the back, and
round whitish spots on the sides and limbs ; these markings usually
disappear more or less completely in the adult, \\hich are greyish
or brownish, spotted or longitudinally streaked with black, \\ ith or
without round whitish spots on the hack, sides, and limbs ; some-
times a series of large blue and black ocelli on each side; lower
surface \\hite, tail pink in the young.

SCAPTEIKi. 179

From snout to vent 2*8 inches ; tail 5.

Hah. Southern Russia, Transcaucasia, Turkestan, Persia,
Baluchistan, Afghanistan.

201. Eremias fasciata.

Ereniias fasciata, Bhnif. A. M. N. II. (4) xiv, 1874, p. 32 ; id. Zool.
E. Persia, p. 374, pi', xxv, tig. 3 ; Boideng. I. c. p. 99.

Very closely alHed to the preceding, but smaller and more slender.
Head-shields and temporal granules flatter ; supraoculars fre-
quently bordered internally by a series of granules ; lower nasal
constantly resting on the three antei-ior labials ; subocular between
the sixth and seventh labials ; 45 to 50 dorsal scales across the
middle of the body. The adpressed hind limb reaches the collar in
the female, slightly beyond the ear in the male ; the length of the
foot equals the distance from the collar-fold to the nostril or the
end of the snout. 16 to 19 femoral pores on each thigh. Upper
caudal scales distinctly but obtusely keeled. Body pale brown to
white above, with from six to eight longitudinal dark-brown bands
as wide as the interspaces between theui ; limbs dark brown, \\ith
large round white spots ; lower parts white.

From snout to vent 2 inches.

Hah. JSoutheru Persia and Baluchistan.

Genus SCAPTEIRA.
Wiegmaim, Ilerp. Mex. p. 9, 1834.

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between three nasals.
Lower eyelid scaly. Collar distinct. Dorsal scales small ; ventral
shields feebly imbricate, smooth. Digits compressed or depressed,
smooth or keeled beneath, fringed laterally. Femoral pores. Tail
cylindrical.

9 species are known, which are confined to the desert districts of
Central Asia and South Africa. The following species has recently
been discovered in Northern Baluchistan.

202. Scapteira acutirostris.

Scapteira acutirostris, Bouknt/. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 114, and Tr. Linn.
Soc. (2) v, 1889, p. 100, pi. i.x, fig. 4.

Snout conical, acutely pointed ; loreal region nearly vertical.
Nasals slightly swollen, lower not reaching the rostral, upper
forming a long median suture ; frontal grooved anterioi-iy ; three
large supraoculars, forming sutures ^^"ith one another, the first in
contact with the first supraciliary, the second loreal, the prsefrontal,
and the frontal ; second and third supraoculars separated from the
supraciliaries and from the frontal by a series of granules ; two or

n2

180 SCINCID^.

three minute granules between the first and second supraoculars ; a
small band-like posterior supraocular, separated from the others by
granules; interparietal pentagonal; no occipital; parietals forming
a suture behind the interparietal ; no enlarged scales on the outer
border of the parietals ; temporal scales granular, smooth ; no
auricular denticulation ; subocular not reaching the lip, resting on
the fifth, sixth, and seventh upper labials ; the three anterior pairs
of chin-shields in contact. Collar straight, the marginal scales
feebly enlarged. Dorsal scales minutely granular, smooth, equal.
Ventrals equilateral or longer than broad, in oblique longitudinal
series ; 35 transverse series, the longest of which contain about
20 plates. A very large prseanal plate, about twice as broad as
long. The adpressed hind limb reaches the posterior border of the
orbit ; foot as long as the distance between the arm and the
anterior loreal ; digits flattened, smooth or distinctly keeled
beneath, strongly fringed laterally ; the ungual lamellae much en-
larged, forming a suboval disk ; a series of lai'ge transverse subtibial
aliields. 15-17 femoral pores. Upper caudal scales feebly keeled.
Sand-coloured above, with blackish network ; head with symmetrical
black markings ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 1'3 inches (young).

Hah. A single specimen was obtained between Nushki and the
Helmand, in Northern Baluchistau.

Family VII. SCINCID^.

Skull with bony postorbital and postfronto-squamosal arches ;
prsemaxillaries distinct ; nasals distinct ; parietal single ; a fibro-
cartilaginous interorbital septum ; a columella cranii. Skull with
bony dermal plates, roofing over the supratemporal fossae. Dentition
pleurodont. Clavicle dilated, usually perforated proximally ; inter-
clavicle unciform. Tongue flat, bifid behind, nicked in front, covered
with rhomboidal scale-like papillae. Limbs more or less developed,
or absent. Tail usually long, fragile. Pupil round. No femoral
pores. Body protected by bony plates underlying the scales, which
are cycloid-hexagonal, rhomboidal, imbricate, arranged quincun-
cially ; the bony plates provided with symmetrical tubules, which
usually consist of a transverse one anastomosing with several
longitudinal ones.

Scincoids are cosmopolitan, the bulk occurring in Australia, the
islands of the Pacific, the East Indies, and Africa. They are, as
far as we know, ovoviAiparous, with the exception of Mahma
macularia, which, according to Theobald, is oviparous.

This family includes terrestrial and arboreal forms. The limbs are
often rudimentary or absent, but there is every possible gradation
in their development ; series of species united in one genus often
showing a complete passage from a \\ell-developed pentadactyle
limb to a rudiment not distinguishable externally.

SCINCID^.

181

sn. j

Fig. 54. — Upper and side view of Iiead of Mahiua muPifasciata, to explain the

nomenclature of the shieldi--.

c.s. Chin-shields.

/. Frontal.

fii. Frontonasal.

fp. Frontoparietal.

ip. Interparietal.

I. Loreals.

Jn. Upper labials.

la'. Lower labials.
m. Mental.

n. Nasal.
01. Nuchal.

p. Parietal.
pf. Praifrontal.

pin. Postnasal.

r. Rostral.
sho. Siibocular.

sc. Siipraciliaries.

£71. Supranasal.

so. Supraocular.

182

SCINCID^.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Genera.

A. Palatine bones in contact on median line of

palate (fig. 55, b Sc c).

a. Tynipanuoi, if distinct, more or less sunk.
a'. Eyelids movable ; claws not retrac-
tile; pterygoid bones separated on
median line of palate, palatal notch
extending anteriorly to an imaginary

line connecting centres of eyes (fig. b) Mabuia, p. 183.

b'. Eyelids movable; claws not retrac-
tile ; palatal notch not extending to
between centres of eyes (fig. c) . . . . Lygosoma, p. 192.

c'. Eyelids immovable, transparent, cover-
ing eye Ablei'harus, p. 213.

d'. Eyelids movable ; claws retractile into

a sheath Eistella, p. 214.

b. Tympanum exposed and superficial .... Thopidopuouus, p. 217

B. Palatine bones separated on median line

(fig. a).

a. Nostril pierced in nasal, or between nasal

and supranasal.
a'. Limbs pentadactyle, not denticulated. Eumeces, p. 218.
b'. Limbs pentadactyle, denticulated

laterally Scincus, p. 220.

c'. Limbs rudimentary Ophiomohus, p. 221.

b. Nostril pierced between rostral and a

very small nasal, or between rosti-al
and first labial.
a'. Nostril pierced between rostral and a
very small nasal, in an emarginatitJU
of the former shield ; limbs deve-
loped Chalcides, p. 223.

b'. Nostril pierced between rostral, nasal,

and first labial ; no limbs Sepophis, p. 225,

c. Nostril pierced in rostral.

a'. Nostril close to posterior border of

rostral Chalciboseps, p. 226.

b'. Nostril pierced in the very large ros-
tral, with posterior border of which
it is connected by a horizontal suture. Acontias, p. 226.

a

le. i)i>.

MABUIA. 183

Genus MABUIA,
Fitzinger, X. Classif. Ilept. p. 23, 1826.

Palatine bones in contact mesially; palatal notch separating
entirely the pterygoids, extending forward to between the centres
of the eyes (see fig. 6, p. 182) ; pterygoid teeth minute or absent.
Maxillary teeth conical or bicuspid. Eyelids movable. Ear distinct ;
tj'-inpanuin more or less deeply sunk. Nostril pierced in a single
nasal ; supranasals, prsef rentals, and frontoparietal present ; single
or double interparietal usually distinct, sometimes coalesced with
the parietal s. Limbs well developed, pentadactyle. Digits sub-
cylindrical or compressed, with transverse lamella) beneath.

iJistrihuilon. Africa and Madagascar ; Southern Asia ; Central
and tSouth America and West Indies. 6G species are known.

Synopsis of Indian, Ceylonese, and Burmese Species.

A. Lower eyelid with an undivided, more

or less transparent A'lAi.
a. 28 to 30 scales round middle of body ;

dorsals with 5 to 7 sharp keels. . . . M. hibronii, p. 184.
h. 3-4 scales round body ; dorsals with

7 or 9 sharp keels, 2 of which are

stronger than the others M. dorice, p. 184.

c. 34 to 30 scales round bod}^, dorsals

strongly bicarinate M. dissimilis, p. 185.

d. 34 to 38 scales round body, dorsals

feebly tricariuate or almost smooth. M. septemtceniata, 185.

e. -32 to 34 scales round body, dorsals

quinquecarinate M. ituiotafa, p. 180.

1). Lower eyelid scaly, or the transparent
disk divided into two or more parts.

a. Dorsal scales with 9 keels M. novemcarinata, p. 187.

h. Dorsal scales with 3, 5, or 7 keels.
a' . No postnasal.

a" . Subdigital lamellae keeled .... M. beddomii, p. 187.
//'. Subdigital lamella; smooth.
a. 34 to 3d scales round body,
dorsals with .3 or 5 keels ;
supranasals in contact behind
rostral ; three light, black-
edged dorsal bands M. vertebralis, p. 188.

^. 30 to 34 scales round body,
dorsals with 3 or 5 keels ;
supranasals rarely in con-
tact ; six supraciliaries ; a

light dorso-lateral baud .... M. cnrinata, p. 188.
y. 20 to .30 scales round body,
dorsals witli 5 or 7 keels ;
five supraciliaries ; anterior

loreal deeper than second . . M. macula ria, p. 189.
8. 20 scales round body, dorsals
and laterals ver}' strongly 5-
keeled ; anterior loreal not
deeper than second M. rugifera, p. 190.

184 SCINCID^,

b' . A postnasal, separated from the
nasal by a suture just behind
nostril ; dorsal scales tricarinate.

a". 30 to 34 scales round body M. multifasciata. p. 191.

h". 26 scales round body M. tytleri, p. 191.

c. Dorsal scales 4-keeled M. quadricarinnta, p. 192.

203. MalDuia bibronii.

Tiliqua bibronii, Gray, Ann. N. H. n, 1838, p. 290.

Euprepis trilineatus, Gray, A. M. N. H. xviii, 1846, p. 4-30 ; Gilnth.

Rept. B. I. p. 81 ; Theoh. Cat. p. 52.
Mabuia bibronii, Bonkny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 173.

Snout short, obtusely pointed. Lower eyelid with an undivided
transparent disk. JNTostril behind the vertical of the suture between
the rostral and the first labial ; a postnasal ; anterior loreal not or
but slightly in contact with the first labial ; frontonasal a little
broader than long, usually in contact with the rostral and the
frontal ; the latter longer than the frontoparietals and interparietal
together, in contact with the second supraocular only ; 4 supra-
oculars, second very large ; normally 5 supraciliaries ; fronto-
parietals distinct, usually longer than the interparietal ; parietals
very short, entirely separated, transversely bisected ; two pairs of
nuchals ; subocular between the fourth and fifth upper labial^, twice
as long as these shields, not narrowed inferiorly. Ear-opening
small, oval, with two long pointed lobules, upper large'st. Dorsal,
nuchal, and lateral scales with from 5 to 7 sharp keels ; 28 to 30
scales round the middle of the body, dorsals largest. The hind
limb reaches the wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb.
Subdigital lamella smooth. Tail 1| or Ig times length of head
and body. Olive above ; a yellowish vertebral band, broadly edged
with black, beginning on the vertex, sometimes indistinct on the
hinder part of the body, which may be spotted ^\•ith yellowish ; a
black dorso-lateral band, beginning from the eye, edged below by a
whitish narrower band, wliich is again edged w ith black ; sometimes
a second light band, extending from axilla to groin. Lower surfaces
v^hitish.

From snout to vent 1-75 inches ; tail 2*25.
Hah. Carnatic.

204. Mabuia doriaa.

Mabuia dorife, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 174, pi. x,fig-. 4.

Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid witli an undivided trans-
parent disk. Nostril behind the vertical of the suture between the
rostral and the first labial ; a postnasal ; anterior loreal just touch-
ing the first labial ; suprauasals in contact beliind the rostral ;
frontonasal broader than long, in contact with the frontal ; the latter
longer than the frontoparietals and interparietal together, in contact
with the second su])raocular only ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ;
7 supraciliaries; frontoparietals distinct, about as large as the
interparietal, which entirely separates the parietals ; a pair of
nuchals; subocular between the fourth and fifth upper labials, not

MABriA, 185

twice as long as these shields, not narrowed below. Ear-opening
a little smaller than eye-opening, with 2 or 3 long pointed lobules,
upper largest. Dorsal, nuchal, and lateral scales with 7 or 9 sharp
keels, two of which are stronger than the others ; 34 scales round
the middle of the body, dorsals largest. The hind limb reaches the
wrist of the adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamelhv; smooth. Pale
olive above, with 4 longitudinal series of small blackish spots on
the body ; a broad blackish-brown lateral band beginning from the
nostril and passing through the eye ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches.

Hah. Menhla, Upper Burma.

205. Mabnia dissimilis.

Tiliqua trivittata, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, 1827, p. 227; id. III. Ind.

Zool. ii, pi. Ixxvi.
Euprepis dissimilis, Hallow. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (2) xi, 1857,

p. /b.
Euprepes monticola, Giiiith. Hept. B. I. p. 80, pi. x, fig. C ; Theuh.Cat.

p. 52.
Euprepes petersi, Steindachn. Norara, Rept. p. 43 ; Theob. I. c. p. 53.
Euprepes giientheri, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xlviii, 1879, p. 123.
Mabuia dissimilis, BouletKj. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 175.

Snout moderate, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided semi-
transparent disk. Nostril behind the vertical of the suture between
the rostral and the first labial ; no postnasal ; anterior loreal in
contact with the first labial ; supranasals in contact behind the
rostral ; frontonasal broader than long ; praefrontals forming a
median suture ; frontal in contact with the second supraocular only
(exceptionally with the first as well) ; 4 supraoculars, second
largest; 6 supraciliaries ; frontoparietals distinct, usually nearly as
long as the frontal, and larger than the interparietal, which en-
tirely separates the parietals ; usually no distinct nuchals; 4, sel-
dom 5, labials anterior to the subocular, which is about twice
as long as the neighbouring shields and not narrowed below.
Ear-opening oval, larger than a lateral scale, smaller than the eye-
opening, with 3 or 4 short pointed lobules anteriorly. Dorsal
scales strongly bicarinate, nuchals and laterals tricarinate ; 34 to
36 scales round the middle of the body, subequal. The adpressed
limbs overlap. Toes short ; subdigital lamellte smooth. Tail about
1| times length of head and body. Olive or brownish above, black-
spotted, and with 3 more or less distinct light longitudinal streaks,
the vertebral sometimes absent ; flanks white-spotted ; a short
horizontal white streak below the eye; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 3| inches ; tail 5J.

Hah. Plains of Northern India, from iSind to Bengal, also in the
Western Himalayas (Chamba).

206. Mabuia septemtaBniata.

Euprepis septenitaeniatus, Jieuss, Mies. Setickenb. i, p. 47, pi. iii,
fi^. 1 ; Blanf. Zool. E. Persia, p. 388 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 352.
Mabnia septemtseniata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 177.

186 SCINCID.E.

Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided trans-
pareiit disk. Nostril entirely or mainly behind the vertical of the
suture between the rostral and the first labial ; normally no post-
nasal ; anterior loreal in contact xA'ith the first labial ; supranasals
in contact behind the rostral ; frontonasals broader than long, in
contact with the truncated anterior angle of the frontal; the latter
shield as long as the frontoparietals and interparietal together,
or a little longer, in contact with the second, or first and second,
or second and third supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest and
but rarely touching the pncfrontal ; 5 (rarely 4 or 6) supraciliaries ;
frontoparietals 2, smaller than the interparietal, which entirely
separates the parietals ; 1 (or 2) pair of nuchals ; 4 labials anterior
to the subocular ; latter not narrower beneath, about twice as large
as the neighbouring labials. Ear-o^^eniug oval-subtriangular, about
as large as a lateral scale, \\ith 2 or 3 minute projecting lobules
anteriorly. Dorsal scales more or less distinctly tricarinate, some-
times almost smooth ; the scales on the neck and flanks smooth or
very feebly keeled ; 34 to 38 scales round the middle of the body ;
dorsals a little larger than laterals and ventrals. The adpressed
limbs overlap. 8ubdigital lamellae smooth or obtusely unicarinate.
Tail about Ig times as long as head and body. Two bands, lighter
than the ground-colour, which is brownish or greyish, extend along
each side, the upper from the supraciliary border, the lo^^■e^ from
below the eye ; the interspace between these bands dark brown
with small whitish spots, or irregularly spotted with darker brown ;
a narrow vertebral zone constantly remains unspotted ; lower sur-
face uniform whitish.

i'rom snout to vent 3g inches ; tail 5.

Hah. Abyssinia, Arabia, Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, Siud according
to Murray.

207. Mal)uia innotata.

Euprepes inuotatns, Blanfurd, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 354, pi. xvi,

tig. 9 ; 77ieoh. Cat. p. 52.
Mabuia innotata, Boulemj. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 178.

Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. Nostril pierced behind the vertical of the suture between the
ro>tral and the first labial ; no postnasal ; anterior loreal in contact
with the first labial ; frontonasal broader than long, in contact with
the rostral and (not constantly) \Aith the frontal; latter a little
shorter than the frontoparietals and interparietal together, in con-
tact with the second supraocular only ; 4 supraoculars, second
very large ; 6 supraciliaries ; frontoparietals distinct, slightly
shorter than the interparietal, which entirely sejiarates the parietals ;
a pair of nuchals ; 4 labials anterior to the subocular, which is at
least twice as long as the neighbouring labials, and not narrower
below. Ear-opening triangular, a little larger than a lateral scale,
with three or four short lobules anteriorly. Nuchal and lateral
scales mostly feebly tricarinate ; dorsals quinquecarinate ; 34 (or
32) scales round the middle of the body. The hind limb reaches
the wrist of the adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamella? smooth.

MABUIA. 187

Tail about 1| times length of head and body. Bronzy olive above,
sides dark brown ; a light, black-edged streak on each side, fruin
the prcefrontal and along the supraciliaries to the anterior third of
the back, where it gradually disappears ; a light streak from below
the eye to the shoulder; lower surfaces whitish.

Prom snout to vent 2-2 inches ; tail 3'75.

Hah. Pengauga Valley, S.E. Berilr.

208. Mabuia novemcarinata.

Euprepes novemcarinatus, Anders. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 12 ; Theob.

Cat. p. 51.
Mabuia novemcarinata, Bouleng. Cut. Liz. iii, p. 179.

" Supranasals forming a suture behind the rostral. Eyelid scaly.
Prgefrontals and vertical (frontal) meet iu a point. Seven upper
labials, the fifth the longest. Ear obliquely oval, with two or three
strong prominent denticulations ; 32 longitudinal lines of scales
round the body and 42 transverse lines between the axils. Scales
with 9 keels, the 3 central ones strongly marked. The fore limb
reaches to the anterior angle of the eye ; hind limb as long as two
thirds of the distance between the axils. Above olive-brown, with
4 or 5 narrow longitudinal black lines along the back. A deep brown
band from the nostril through the eye and above the ear, along
the side and on to the base of the tail, with a moderately [?] white
band above far over the supercilium along the side of the back;
another through the upper labials and ear to tlie shoulder, where
it changes into the pale greenish yellow of the side. A very faint
broken blackish line from the angle of the mouth to the shoulder,
and three or four from behind the fore limb along the side of the
belly. Limbs with 5 longitudinal black lines with scattered white
spots."

Erom snout to vent 3*8 inches ; tail 4*3.

Hah. Mandalay, Burma.

209. Mabuia teddomii.
Euprepes beddomii, Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 73 ; Theoh. Cat.

Euprepes (Tiliqua) septenilineatus, i?/w(/b;-(7, J. A. S.B. xxxix, 1870,

p. 300, pi. xvi, lip-s. 7, 8 ; Theob. I. c. p. 50.
Mabuia beddomii, Boulemj. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 179.

Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. IS'ostril behind
vertical of suture between rostral and first labial ; no postnasal ;
anterior loreal deeper and shorter than the second, in contact with
the first labial ; supranasals in contact behind the rostral ; fronto-
nasal broader than long, sometimes in contact with the frontal ; the
latter usually as long as, or a little shorter than, the frontoparietals
and interparietal together, sometimes not longer tlian the fronto-
parietals, in contact with the second, or rarely first and second,
supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; 6 supraciliaries, first
longest ; frontoimrietals distinct, as long as or longer than the
interparietal, which usually entirely separates the parietals; a pair

188 scixoiDjE.

of nuchals ; 4 labials anterior to the suboeular, which is large and
not narrower below. Ear-opening oval, as large as a lateral scale,
or a little smaller, with three short pointed lobules anteriorly.
Dorsal and nuchal scales with 3 or 5 keels, sometimes very feeble ;
30 to 32 scales round the middle of the body, subequal. The
adpressed limbs meet or slightly overlap. tSubdigital lamellae
unicarinate. Scales on upper surface of tibia mostly tricarinate.
Tail 1|- to 2-i- times the length of head and body. The coloration
varies considerably, but a lateral black band, edged above and below
with a whitish streak, is constant. Some (young) specimens black
abo\ e, with seven light longitudinal lines ; others olive-brown with
four black dorsal streaks, which may not extend further back than
the nape ; or a light black-edged vertebral band may be present ;
head-shields spotted or variegated with black ; limbs and tail
rufous ; lower surfaces white.

From snout to vent 2-2 inches ; tail 4*75.

Hah. Southern India, Salem, Tinnevelly, Malabar, Mysore, &c.,
the most northei'n locality known being S.E. Berar.

210. Mahuia vertehralis.

Tiliqua trivittata {non Gray), Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 478.

Euprepes trivittatus, Theoh. Cat. p. 50.

Mabuia vertebralis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 180.

Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril behind ver-
tical of suture between rostral and first labial ; no postnasal ;
anterior loreal in contact with the first labial, much deeper and
shorter than the second ; supranasals in contact behind the rostral ;
frontonasal broader than long; prtefrontals forming a short median
suture ; frontal as long as the frontoparietals and interparietal
together, in contact with the first and second supraoculars ; 4
supraoculars, second largest ; 6 supraciliaries, first largest ; fronto-
parietals distinct, longer than the interparietal, which entirely
separates the parietals ; a pair of nuchals ; 4 labials anterior to
the suboeular, which is twice as large as the neighbouring labials,
and not narrowed below. Ear-opening oval, nearly horizontal,
with 2 or 3 scarcely projecting lobules. JSTuchal and dorsal scales
with 3 or 5 keels ; 34 or 36 scales round the body, subequal. The
adpressed hind limb reaches the wrist of the adpressed fore limb.
Subdigital lamellae smooth. Scales on upper surface of tibia mostly
bicarinate. Tail 1| times length of head and body. Olive-brown
above, with three pale black-edged longitudinal bands ; a light
lateral streak from the ear to the tail ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 2*5 inches ; tail 3*5.

Hah. Deccan (Poona, Jalna, Belgaujn, and perhaps Nagpur).

211. Mabuia carinata.

Scincus cariiiatus, part., ScJmeid. Hid. Amph. ii, p. 183.
Euprepes rufescens, part., Giinth. liept. B. I. p. 79, pi. x, fig. B.
Euprepes carhiatus, Theob. Cut. p. 49; Murr. Zool. ^SiW, p. 351.
Mabuia carinata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 181.

MABUIA.

189

Snout moderate, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril behind
vertical of suture between rostral and first labial ; no postnasal ;
anterior loreal usually shorter and deeper than the second, in con-
tact with the first labial ; frontonasal broader than long, usually in

Fig. 56. — Mahuia carinafa.

contact with the rostral, and frequently also with the frontal ;
latter as long as the frontoparietals and interparietal together or
shorter, in contact with the second supraocular (rarely also with
the first) ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; usually 6 supraciliaries,
first largest ; frontoparietals distinct, larger than the interparietal,
which entirely separates the parietals ; a pair of nuchals ; 4 labials
anterior to the subocular, which is large and not narrower below.
Ear-opening roundish, subtriangular, as large as a lateral scale or
smaller, without or with a few very indistinct lobules anteriorly.
Dorsal, nuchal, and lateral scales more or less strongly tri- or
quinquecarinate ; 30 to 34 scales round the middle of the body,
subequal. The hind limb reaches the wrist or the elbow of the
adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamellje smooth. Scales on upper
surface of tibia mostly bicarinate. Tail Ij to 14 times length of
head and body. Brown or olive-brown above, uniform or with
small black spots or longitudinal lines ; sides darker, with or \\ ithout
lighter spots ; a light dorso-lateral band begins on the supraciliaries ;
lower surfaces yellowish (in spirit). In the breeding-season males
have a scarlet band from the shoulder to the thigh.

From snout to vent 5 inches ; tail 9*5.

Hah. India, Ceylon, Burma ; very common.

212. Mabuia macularia.

Euprepes maciilarius, BIyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 652; Theob.

Cat. p. 49 ; Murr. Zool. Sind, p. 351.
Tiliqua multicarinata {non Gray), Jerdon, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1853,

p. 479, footnote.
Euprepes rufescens, part., Giinth. Rept. B. L p. 79.

190 SCINCID^.

Euprepes brevis, Giinth. P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 225.

Euprepes subunicolor, Blavf. J. A. S. B. xlviii. 1879, p. 112.

Mahuia niaciilaria, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 182.

Mabuia brevis, Bouleng. I. c. p. 183, pi. xi, fig. 1.

Snout short, obtusely keeled, acuminate. Lower eyelid scaly.
Nostril behind vertical of suture between rostral and first labial ;
no postnasal ; anterior loreal deeper and shorter than second ;
frontonasal as long as broad or a little broader than long, in con-
tact with the rostral and usually also with the frontal ; latter as
long as the frontoparietals and interparietal together or a little
longer, in contact with the second, or first and second, supra-
oculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; 5 supraciliaries, third long-
est ; frontoparietals distinct, larger than the interparietal, w hich
entirely separates the parietals : a pair of nuchals ; 4, exceptionally
3, labials anterior to the subocular, which is large and not narrowed
below. Ear-opening oval, as large as a lateral scale, or a little
smaller, with or without a few very indistinct lobules anteriorly.
Dorsal, nuchal, and lateral scales with 5 to 7 sharp keels ; 26 to 30
scales round the middle of the body, subequal. The adpressed
limbs meet or overlap. Digits short ; subdigital lamellae smooth.
Scales on upper surface of tibia mostly bicarinate. Tail 1| to 1|
times the length of head and body. Brown or o]ive-bro« n above,
sides darker and usually with white black-edged spots ; back
uniform, or black-spotted, or with one or two black longitudinal
lines ; sometimes two light lateral lines on each side, well marked
only on the neck ; lower surfaces yelloA^ish (in spirit).

Erom snout to vent 2"5 inches ; tail 3'5.

Hah. Ceylon, Peninsular India, Cutch, Sind, Bengal, Burma,
Indo-China.

This species is stated by Theobald to be oviparous, whilst its
close ally M. carinata is, like most Scincoids, viviparous.

213. Mabuia rugifera.

Tiliqiia rugifera, Stoliczl-a, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 170, pi. x,

fig. 3 ; Thcoh. Cat. p. viii.
Mabuia rugifera, Butdevg. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 184.

Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Kostril behind
vertical of suture between rostral and first labial ; no postnasal ;
anterior loreal .not deeper but much smaller than second; fronto-
nasal broader than long, largely in contact with the rostral and
with the frontal : the latter .shield longer than the frontoparietals
and interparietal together, in contact with the first and second
supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; 6 supraciliaries, first
largest; frontoparietals distinct, larger than the interparietal ; a
pair of nuchals ; 5 (or 4) labials anterior to the subocular, which
is large and not narrower below. Ear-opening very small, oval,
horizontal, \\\\\\ projecting granules round its border. Dorsal,
nuchal, and lateral scales very strongly qiiinquecarinate ; 20 scales

MABUIA. 191

round the body, of which 8 or 10 are smooth. The hind Hmb
reaches the elbow of tiie adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamellae
smooth. Scales on upper surface of tibia bicarinatc. Tail 1| the
length of head and body. Dark olive-brown above, greenish-white
interiorly.

From snout to vent 2*5 inches ; tail 4*5.

Hah. Nicobars, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

214. Mabuia multifasciata.

Scincus carinatus, part., Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 183.
Scincus multifasciatus, Kvld, Bpitr. z. Zool. n. veryl. AnaL p. li'6.
Tiliqua rubiiveutris, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii, pi. Ixxv, tig. 1.
Euprepe3 riifescens, Cantor, J. A. S. Ii. xvi, 1847, p. 652 ; Giinth.

Eept. B. I. p. 79 (part.).
Plestrodon sikkimensis, Gray, A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1853, p. 388.
Euprepes carinatus, part., Theob. Cat. p. 49.
Mabuia multil'asciata, Bouleny. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 186.

Snout moderate, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril behind
vertical of the suture between rostral and first labial ; a postnasal ;
anterior loreal not deeper than the second, in contact with the
first labial ; supranasals frequently in contact behind rostral ;
frontonasal broader tlian long ; prsefrontals constantly forming a
median suture ; frontal as long as or shorter than the frontoparietals
and interparietal together, in contact with the second (rarely also
with the first) su|)raocular : 4 supraoculars, second largest ; 6
supraciliaries, first largest ; frontoparietals distinct, larger than
the interparietal, \\liich entirely separates the parietals ; a pair of
nuchals ; 4 labials anterior to the subocular, AAhich is large and
not narrower below. Ear-opening roundish or oval, as large as
a lateral scale, or a little smaller, with or without a few very
small lobules anteriorly. Dorsal scales more or less distinctly tri-
(rarely quinque-) carinate : luiehals and laterals usually very feebly
keeled, sonu'times smooth ; 30 to 34 scales round the middle of
the body, subequal or dorsals largest. The hind limb reaches the
wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamelhc
smooth. Scales on upper surface of tibia mostly tricarinate. Tail
I5 to If times length of head and body. Brown or olive above ;
some specimens uniform, or with a large whitish (red) patch on
each side ; back frequently with small black spots, sometimes con-
fluent into longitudinal lines ; sides frequentl)" dark brown, with
whitish, black-edged ocelli ; a well-defined light dorso-lateral band
seldom present ; lower surfaces yellowish or greenish white.

Erom snout to vent 5 inches ; tail 8.

Hah. Sikhim (?), Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago.

215. Mabuia tytleri.

Tiliqua rufescens, part., Thcohald, Cat. Hept. As. Soc. Mas. p. 23.
Tiliqua cariuata, ]iart., Sto/iczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 169.
Mabuia tytleri, Bouleny, Cat. Liz. iii, p. 187.

192 SCINCID^.

From what cau be gathered from the short remarks of Theobald
and Stohczka, the Andamans Mahuia is surely distinct from the
other species of the genus. It is said to have only 26 scales round
the body, the dorsals feebly tricarinate, the middle keel being
weaker than the lateral ones. The supranasals are in contact
behind the rostral. Above uniform, somewhat pale brown, paler
on the sides towards the belly, and with a few indistinct darker
spots ; limbs spotted with white and dark brown ; below yellowish
white; tail leaden grey.

From snout to vent about 8 inches ; tail about 12.

Hub. Andaman Islands.

216. Mabuia quadricarinata.

Mabuia quadricarinata, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) iv, 1887,
p. 618.

Snout moderate, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Xostril behind
vertical of suture between rostral and first labial ; a postnasal ;
anterior loreal not or but very slightly deeper than the second, in
contact with the second labial only ; rostral forming a suture \^ith
the frontonasal ; prsefrontals forming a median suture ; frontal as
long as frontoparietals and interparietal together or a little shorter,
in contact with the second supraocular ; 4 supraoculars, second
largest ; 6 supraciliaries, second and third longest ; frontoparietals
distinct, as large as or a little larger than the interparietal, behind
which the parietals form a median suture ; a pair of nuchals; 3 or 4
labials anterior to the subocular, which is large and not narrowed
below. Ear-opening roundish, a little smaller than a lateral scale,
without distinct lobules. Dorsal scales strongly quadricarinate,
nuchals mostly tri- or quinquecarinate ; 26 to 28 scales round the
middle of the body, subequal. The hind limb reaches the wrist or
the elbow of the adpressed fore limb. Subdigital lamellae smooth.
Scales on upper surface of hind limb bicariuate. Tail nearly twice
as long as head and body. Olive above, with small black spots ;
a whitish streak, edged with black above, from below the eye to the
ear ; lower surfaces whitish.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 3*o.

Hah. Ivakhyen Hills.

Genus LYGOSOMA,

Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, 1827, p. 228.

Palatine bones in contact mesially ; pterygoid bones also in con-
tact anteriorly, the palatal notch not extending forwards to between
the centres of the eyes (see h'g. c, p. 182); pterygoid teeth minute
or absent. Maxillary teeth conical or obtuse. Eyelids well deve-
loped. Ear distinct (or hidden) ; if distinct, tympanum more or less
sunk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; supranasal present or absent.
Limbs more or less developed (or absent).

LYGOSOMA. 193

Of all Reptilian genera this contains the most species, the number
amounting already to 106. They are represented in every part
of the AVorld, Europe excepted, attaining theii- greatest number
and variety of form in the Australian Region.

Syiiojisis of Indian, Cei/loncse, and Burmese S^JCcies.

A. Limbs avl'11 devclu])ed, ])euladaclyle ;

length of hind limb exceeds distance
between centre of eye and fore limb ;
lower eyelid scaly.
n. No supranasals ; dorsal scales smooth.
a'. Four large supraoculars ; rostral con-
vex,
a". 36 to 38 scales round nuddle of

body L. mdicum, p. 195.

6". 30 to 32 scales round body L. zebratum, p. 195.

b' . Five large supraoculars ; rostral flat
or concave above ; 38 to 40 scales
round middle of body.
a" . The hind limb, stretched forwards,

does not reach beyond axilla .... L. niaculation, p. 196.
b". The hind limb reaches shoulder or

beyond L. dutssumicri, p. 197.

b. Supranasals present ; dorsal scales

keeled ; 28 to 30 scales round body. . L. olivaceum, p. 197.

B. Limbs well developed, pentadactyle ;

length of liiud limb exceeds distance
between centre of eye and fore limb ;
lower eyelid with an undivided trans-
parent disk ; no supranasals.
rt. liostral forming a straight suture with
frontonasal.
«'. Frontoparietals two.
a". No enlarged nuchals.

a. 30 scales round middle of body ; .
frontonasal in contact with

frontal L, kakhieneme, p. 198.

j3. 3-4 to 36 scales round body ; pnie-
frontals forming a median su-
ture L. mdanustictum, p. 199.

b" . Two to live pairs of enlarged
nuchals.
a. Ear-opening smaller than trans-
parent ])al])ebral disk ; 22 to 24

scales round middle of body .... L. s'ikki)aense, p. 1U9.

a. 26 or more scales round body.

a . 26 to 30 scales round body ;

16 to 181amelhe under fourth

toe ; ear-opening about as

large as transparent palpebral

disk L. hunulayanum, p. 200.

/3'. 26 to 28 scales round body ;
16 to 18 lamelUie under fourth
toe ear-opening considerably
larger than transparent pal-
pebral disk L. dorice, p. 201.

o

194 SCINCIDJE.

y . 32 to 38 scales round body . . L. ladacense, p. 201.
8'. 26 to 28 scales round body ;
21 to 2o lamellae under

fourth toe L. latcrwuiculatiim,]K 202.

y. 20 to 24 scales rouud body ; ear-
opening larg-er than transparent
palpebral disk.
a. Enlarged pra3auals mucli

longer than broad L. bilhieatum, p. 202.

/3'. Enlarged prteanals not much

longer than broad L. beddomii, p. 203.

b'. Fronto])arietal single ; 22 to 24 scales
rouud body.
a". Ear-opening much smaller than

eye-opening L. iravancoricum, p. 204.

b". Ear-opening very large Ljnacrotympamini, i^.2Q4.

h. Posterior border of rostral convex and
forming a curved suture Avith fronto-
nasal L. viacrotis, ]). 205.

C. Limbs weak.
u. Lower eyelid scaly ; no supranasals ; 24
or 26 scales round body.

a. Frontoparietals two .' L. taprubuuemc, p. 206.

v. Fronto])arietal single L.faUcu, p. 206.

b. Lower eyelid scaly ; su]>ranasal,s present.
a'. Fronto])arietal single ; 24 or 26 scales

round body L. Uncvlatum, p. 207.

b'. Frontoparietals two ; 26 or 28 scales
round body.
a". Ear-opening hardly as large as
pupil ; hind limb half as long as
distance between axilla and groin. L. comotti, \>. 207.
b" . Ear-opening oval, larger than
pupil ; hind limb measuring less
than half distance between axilla
and groin L. albopunctatuin, p. 208.

c. Lower eyelid with an undivided trans-

parent disk ; supranasals present.
«'. 24 or 26 scales round body ; fronto-
parietals two.
«". Distance between end of snout and
fore limb contained 2-2^ times
in distance between axilla and

o-roin L. pimdatinn, p. 208.

b". Distance between end of snout and
fore limb contained about 3 times
in distance between axilla and

o'voin J^- (juentheri, p. 209.

b'. 22 scales round body.
a". Frontoparietals two.

a. The fore limb reaches a little

beyond the ear; 4th toe a little

longer than 3rd.

a . Distance between end of

snout and fore limb contained

twice in distance between

axilla and groin L. fccc, p. 210.

LTGOSOMA. 195

/3'. Distance between end of snout
and fore limb contained at
least twice and a half in dis-
tance between axilla and

groin L. cyanellum, p. 210.

^. Fore limb does not reach ear ;

3rd and 4tli toes equal L, anguinum, p. 211.

//'. Frontoparietal single.

a. Hind limb with 5 toes L. caknnus, p. 211.

/3. Hind limb \y\\\\ 4 toes L. lineatmn, p. 212.

217. Lygosoina indicum.

Hinulia indica, Grai/, A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1853, p. 388 j T/ieob. Cat.

p. 64.
Eumeces indicus, part., Giinth. Rept. B. 1. p. 80.
Lygosoma indicum, Boidcmj. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 241, pi. xvi. hg. 1.

Habit lacertiforni ; the distance between the end of the snout
and the fore limb contained If to 1| times in the distance be-
tween axilla and groin. Snout sbort, obtuse ; loreal region nearly-
vertical. Lo\\er eyelid scaly, Xostril pierced in a single nasal, or
between a nasal and a postnasal ; no supranasal : rostral convex,
largely in contact with the frontonasal, which is broader than long,
and forms a narrow suture with the frontal ; the latter as long as
frontoparietal and parietals together, in contact with the first,
second, and third supraoculars ; 4 large supraoculars, followed by
2 very small ones ; first supraocular not much longer than second ;
9 or 10 supraciliaries, first largest ; frontoparietals and interparie-
tal distinct, former a little longer than latter ; parielals forming a
short suture behind the interparietal ; no nuchals ; fifth and sixth
upper labials largest and below the eye. Ear-opening oval, smaller
than eye-opening ; no auricular lobules. 36 or 38 smooth scales
round the middle of the body, laterals smallest. A pair of large
preeanals. When the limbs are pressed against the body, the hind
limb I'eaches the elbow or not quite so far. Digits rather elongate,
compressed ; subdigital lamella) smooth or obtusely keeled, 17 to
20 under the fourth toe. Tail almost twice as long as head and
body. Brown or olive above, uniform or with scattered darker
dots ; sides of head and body dark brown, light-margined above ;
usually with large light spots ; lower surface whitish.

From snout to vent 3*o inches ; tail 6.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas (common at Darjeeling), hills of Assam
and Burma.

218. Lygosoma zebratum.

Lygosoma zebratum, Boideng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) v. 1887, p. 478,
pi. vii. fig. 1.

Habit lacertiform ; the distance between the end of the snout
and the fore limb contained \\ to If times in the distance be-
tween axilla and groin in the adult, scarcely more than once in the
young. Snout short, obtuse ; loreal region nearly vertical. Lower

o2

196 SCINCIDiE.

eyelid scalj. Nostril ])iececl between a nasal and a postnasal ; no
suprauasal ; rostral convex, forming a suture with the frontonasal,
which is broader than long and forms a narrow suture with the
fronlal; latter shield as long as frontoparietals and parietals
together, in contact with the hrst and second, or first, second, and
third supraoculars ; four large supraoculars, followed by two very
small ones ; first supraocular longer than second ; 10 or 11 supra-
ciliaries, first largest; frontoparietals and interparietal distinct,
subequal, or former a little larger than latter ; parietals forming a
short suture behind the interjmrietal ; enlarged nuchals absent or
one pair only present ; fifth and sixth upper labials largest and below
the eye. Ear-opening oval, smaller than the eye-opening ; no auri-
cular lobules. 30 or 32 smooth scales round the middle of the body,
laterals very slightly smaller than dorsals. A pair of large pra;anals.
The adpressed limbs meet, or the hind limb reaches the wrist in
the adult ; the hind limb reaches the axilla in the young. Digits
rather elongate, compressed ; subdigital lamellae smooth or obtusely
keeled, 20 to 22 under the fourth toe. Tail 1^ to 1| times length
of head and body. Brown or bronzy above, uniform, with a
broad dark brown or black lateral band, below which the lips and
sides of the neck and body are ornamented with alternately dark
and light vertical bars ; these markings most distinct in the young ;
usually a black line or series of black s]Jots along the upper surface
of the tail ; lower surface uniform whitish.

From snout to vent 3'5 inches.

Hah. Hills of Northern Tenasserim (Mount Muleyit, Pla-pu,
3300 to 3600 feet).

219. Lygosoma maculatum.

Lissonota maculata, Blyth, J. A, S. B. xxii, 1853, p. 653.
Mabouia maculata, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 84.
lliuulia maculata, Theob. Cat. p. 55.
Eumeces indicus, jiart., Giinth. I. c. p. 89.
Lygosoma maculatum, Boulen(/. Cat. Liz. ill, p. 242.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore limb
equals li to 1|- times distance between axilla and groin. Snout
short, obtuse ; loreal region nearly vertical. Lo\\er eyelid scaly.
Nostril pierced in a single nasal ; no supranasals ; rostral per-
fectly flat or a little concave above, largely in contact \\\{\\ the
frontonasal, Mhich is broader than long, and forms a iiarrow
suture witli the frontal; latter as long as frontoparietals and
parietals together, in contact Mith the two or three anterior
supraoculars; 5 large su[)raoculars, first much longer than second,
fifth smallest : or 10 supraciliaries, first and last largest; fronto-
parietals and interparietal distinct, former a little longer than
latter; parietals forming a short suture behind the interparietal;
no nuchals ; fifth and sixth upper labials largest and below the
eye. Ear-opening oval, smaller than the eye-opening ; no auri-
cular lobules. 38 or 40 smooth scales round the middle of the
body ; dorsals largest, laterals smallest. A pair of large prseanals.

LTGOSOMA. 197

The hind limb reaches the elbow or the axilla. Digits long,
compressed: subdigital lamellf© feebly unicarinate, 16 to 21 under
the fourth toe. Tail almost twice as long as head and body. Brown
or olive-brown above, usually with, two dorsal series of small dark
brown spots ; a dark brown lateral band, usually spotted with
whitish and edged below with white, extends from the nostril to
the tail, passing through the eye and above the ear ; flanks white-
spotted ; lower surface white.

From snout to vent 2-5 inches ; tail 4"o.

Ilah. Eastern Himalayas (Sikhim), Xorthern Bengal, Assam,
Burma to Mergui, Andaman Islands.

220. Lygosoma diissumieri.

Lygosoma dussumierii,Z)^o?!. S,- Bilir. Erp. Gen. x, p. 725; Bonleng,

Cat. Liz. m, p. 243.
TTinnliu dussiimierii, Theoh. Cat. p. So.

ITabit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore
limb contained 1 to 1^ times in distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse ; loreal region concave. Lo\\'er eyelid scaly.
Nostril pierced in a single nasal ; no supranasal ; rostral flat or a
little concave above, largely in contact A^ith the frontonasal, ^hich
is broader than long and sometimes in contact with the frontal ;
prefrontals sometimes forming a median suture ; frontal as long
as frontoparietals and parietals together, in contact with the
three (or t\^"o) anterior supraoculars ; 5 large supraoculars, first
two sometimes fused into a single shield, first much longer than
second; a very small posterior supraocular; 11 to 13 supraciliaries,
first and last largest ; frontoparietals and interparietal distinct,
subequal in length ; parietals forming a short suture behind the
interparietal; no nuchal s ; fifth and sixth upper labials largest
and below the eye. Ear-opening oval, smaller than the eye-open-
ing ; no auricular lobules. 40 smooth scales round the middle of
the body, laterals smallest. A pair of large prseanals. The hind
limb reaches the shoulder or the ear. Digits long, compressed ;
subdigital lamella) unicarinate, 22 or 23 under the fourth toe.
Tail almost twice as long as head and body. Pale olive above
with small light spots or a series of dark brown spots along each
side of the back : a broad dark brown lateral band, involving the
upper half of the ear, edged above and below with a light streak ;
tail reddish ; lower surface of head and body greenish white.

From snout to vent 2-3 inches ; tail 4-3.

Jfdh. Malabar.

221. Lygosoma olivaceum.

Dasia olivacea, Grai/.Ann. N. II. ii, 1838, p. 331.
Euprepes ernestii, i)u})i. ^- Bihr. Erp. Gen. v, p. GOO: Cantw, J. A.
S. B. xvi, 1847, p. 653.

198 SCINCID^.

Euprepes olivaceus, Gilnth. Bept. B. I. p. 80, pi. x, fig. D ; Theuh.

Cat. p. 51.
Lygosoma olivaceum, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. m, p. 2ol.

Habit lacei'Hform ; distance between end of snout and fore
limb contained li to 1 ^ times in the distance between axilla and
groin. Snont rather elongate, obtusely acuminate, much depressed.
Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril pierced in the middle of a small
nasal ; a supranasal, rarely in contact with its fellow : frontonasal
broader tlian long, usually in contact with the rostral, and fre-
quently also with the frontal ; latter as long as the frontoparietals
and parietals together or a little longer, in contact with the
first and second, or first, second, and third supraoculars ; 4 supra-
oculars, subequal in length ; 7 or 8 supraciliaries, first largest ;
frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, latter as large as former
or a little smaller, and entirely separating the parietals ; a
pair of nuchals ; 4 labials anterior to the subocular. Ear-opening
very small. 28 or 30 scales round the middle of the body, the
dorsals and laterals with 3 to 9 more or less strong keels ; nuchal
scales smooth or indistinctly keeled ; dorsals a little larger than
ventrals. Prfeanals not enlarged. The adpressed limbs feebly
overlap, the hind limb never reaching beyond the wrist. Digits
moderately elongate, with strong sharp claws, the basal phalanges
cyclotetragonal, the distal strongly compressed : subdigital lamellae
smooth, 17 to 20 under the fourth toe. Tail about Ig times the
length of the head and body. Young ^\ith transverse dark brown
bands separated by narrow pale oIIa e interspaces ; tail brilliant
scarlet. Adult olive or olive-brown above, with more or less
regular transverse series of pale, dark-edged spots or traces of
dark cross bands ; a more or less distinct pale dorso-lateral band on
the posterior part of the body, continued on the tail : lower sur-
face light green.

From snout to vent 4*25 inches.

Hah. Tenasserim and Malay Peninsula, Xicobars, Sumatra, Javn,
Borneo, Philippines.

222. Lygosoma kakhienense.

Lyg'osoma kakhieuense, Bouleiif/. A)iu. Mus. Cienom, (2) iv. 1887,
p. G21.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore limb
13 times in distance between axilla and groin. Snout short,
obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undi^•ided transparent disk. Nostril
pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal broader than
long, forming a broad suture with the rostral and in contact with
the anterior angle of the frontal ; latter shield a little shorter than
frontoparietals and interparietal togetlier, in contact \\\t\i the two
anterior supraoculars ; four supi-aoculars, eight supraciliaries ;
frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, subequal in size ; parietals
forming a suture behind tlie interparietal; no eidarged nuclials ;

LYGOSOMA. 199

the suture between the fifth aucl sixth upper labials falls below
the centre of the eye. Ear-opening oval, a little smaller than the
eye-opening; no auricular lobules. 30 smooth, subequal scales
round the middle of the body. No enlarged pra^anals. The
adpressed limbs slightly overlap. Digits subcyliudrical ; subdigital
lamellae smooth, 16 under the fourth toe. Tail about once and a
half the length of head and body. Pale bronzy olive above, \\ith
a few black dots ; a lateral series of large black spots, partly con-
fluent into a band, from above the ear to the base of the tail,
extending forwards, as a narrow streak, to the nostril, and passing
through the eye : flanks and lips with black dots.

From snout to vent 1"6 inches ; tail 2'4.

Hah. Kakhven Hills.

223. Lygosoma nielanostictum.

Lygosoma melanostictum, Boulemj. Ann, Mus. Geiiova, (2) v, 1887,
p. 479, pi. vii, fig. 2.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore
limb contained 1;| to 1|^ times in distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. Nostril piei'ced in the nasal ; no supranasal : frontonasal
much broader than long, forming a broad suture with the rostral ;
prefrontals forming a median suture ; frontal as long as fronto-
parietals and interparietal together, in contact with the t\^•o
anterior supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars, first longer than second ;
9 or 10 supraciliaries ; frontoparietals and interparietal distinct,
subequal in size; parietals forming a suture behind the inter-
parietal ; no enlarged nuchals ; the suture between the fifth and
sixth upper labials falls below the centre of the eye. Ear-opening
oval, a little smaller than the eye-opening ; no aiu'icular lobules.
34 or 1)6 smooth scales round the middle of the body, laterals
smallest. A pair of slightly enlarged praeanals. The adpressed
limbs hardly meet, or slightly overlap. Digits subcylindrical :
subdigital lamella^ smooth, 17 to 19 under the fourth toe. Tail
l.i to 1| times the length of head and body. Pale brouii or bronzy
above, with black dots, which are crowded to form a lateral baud
from the snout to the tail ; lips and flanks whitish or pinkish,
(lotted w itli black ; lower surface whitish, throat often dotted
with black.

From snout to vent 2*3 inches.

Huh. Hills of Northern Teuasserim, between 3300 and 4000
feet.

224. Lygosoma sikkiniense.

Mocoa sikkiraensis, BIyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 18-")4. p. Oo:? ; T/ieah. Cat.

p. m.
Tiliqua schlegelii, Gilnth. P. Z. S. 1860, p. lo3, pi. xxv, tig. C.
Eumeces schlegelii, Gi'infh. Rept. B. I. p. 86.

200 SCINCID^.

Mocoa sacra, StolkzJca, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 128, pi. iv, fig. 4

Theoh.Cat.^.bl.
Lygosoma sikkimense, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 257.

Body more or less elongate ; distance between end of snout and
fore limb contained 1 ;] to 2 times in distance bet\^een axilla and
groin, 8nout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided
transparent disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ;
frontonasal broader than long, forming a suture \\W\\ the rostral
and usually also with the frontal ; latter shield as long as fronto-
parietals and interparietal together, in contact M'ith the t«o
anterior supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; 7 or 8
supraciliaries : frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, subequal ;
parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; 2 to 4 pairs of
nuchals : fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Ear-opening small,
smaller than the palpebral disk, with or without very indistinct
lobules. 22 or 24 smooth scales round the middle of the body,
dorsals largest. A pair of large prseauals. The adpressed limbs
fail to meet, meet, or overlap. Digits subcylindrical ; subdigital
lamellae soiooth, 16 to 19 under the fourth toe. Tail 1^ to 1|
times the length of head and body. Bronzy oli\e or brown above,
dark brown on the sides, which are limited above by a blackish
line ; back with small blackish spots ; sides \\\i\\ small light spots ;
lower surface whitish.

From snout to vent 1-75 inches ; tail 2-75.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas (Sikhim, 3000-10,000 feet) : Paresh-
nath Hill, Western Bengal.

225. Lygosoma himalayanum.

Eumeces himalayanus, Giinth. Sept. B. I. p. 86, pi. x, fig. H.
Euprepes blythi, Sfeind. Kovara, Bept. p. 46.
Mocoa himalayana and M. blytliii, Theub. Cat. pp. ■57, 59.
Lygosoma himalayaiuun, Boideng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 257, pi. xvii,
'fig. 2.

Habit lacei'tiform ,• distance bet^^'eeu end of snout and fore limb
contained 1| to 2 times in distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undi^'ided transparent
disk. jN'ostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal
broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral and with the
frontal ; latter shield as long as frontoparietals and interparietal
together, in contact with the two, rarely three, anterior supra-
oculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; to 8 supraciliaries ;
frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, subequal, or latter
smallest ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; 3 or
4 pairs of nuchals ; fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Ear-
opening oval, mucli smaller than the eye-opening, about as large
as the transparent palpebral disk, with one to three projecting
lobiiles or granules anteriorly. 26 to .^O smooth scales round the
middle of the body, dorsals largest, laterals smallest. A pair of
large prreanals. The adpressed limbs fail to meet, meet, or overlap.

LTGOSOMA. 201

Digits subcylindrical ; subdigital lamellae smooth, 16 to 18 under
fourth toe. Tail If to If times the length of head and body.
Bronzy olive or brown above, with small dark, and sometimes also
light spots ; a blackish vertebral streak sometimes present : a
broad blackish-brown lateral band, usually edged above and below
by a light streak ; lower surface greenish white or plumbeous.

From snout to vent 2'5 inches ; tail 3"5.

Hnh. Western Himalayas (Garbwal, Simla), Kashmir (Ladak?).

226. Lygosoma doriae.
Lygosoma dorife, Bonlenr/. Ann. Mux. Genova, (2) iv, 1887, p. 020.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore limb
contained 1^ or 1^ times in distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal
twice as broad as long, forming a suture with the rostral, and in
contact with the anterior angle of the frontal (in one specimen the
pi'aefrontals form a median sutiu'o) : frontal a little shorter than
frontoparietals and interparietal together, in contact with the U\o
anterior supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars ; 8 supraciliaries ; fronto-
parietals and interparietal distinct, subequal in size; parietals
forming a suture behind the intei-parietal ; 3 or 4 pairs of nuchals ;
fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Ear-opening oval, smaller
than the eye-opening, but considerably larger than the transparent
palpebral disk ; no auricular lobules. 20 or 28 scales round the
middle of the body, smooth, laterals smallest. A pair of enlarged
prseanals. The hind limb reaches the wrist of the adpressed fore
limb. Digits subcylindrical ; subdigital lamellte smooth, 16 to 18
under the fourth toe. Tail If to 1| times as long as head and body.
Bronzy olive above, with small black spots ; sides and limbs
closely s])otted with black, with small whitish dots; young with a
light dorso-lateral line.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 8'2.

Hah. ITpper Bui'ma (Bhamo and Kakhyen Hills).

227. Lygosoma ladacense.

Eumeees ladacensis, Giinth. Rept. B. I. p. 88, pi. x, fig. I.
Euprepres stoliczkai and kargilensis, Steind. Nomra, Rept. pp. 45,40.
Mocoa ladakensis, ^V. stoliczkse, and M. kargilensis, Theob. Cat.

pp. viii, 59, 00.
Lygosoma ladaceuse, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 258, pi. xvii, fig. 3.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore limb
contained 14 to If times in distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal
broader thau long, forming a suture with the rostral, and usually
also with the frontal ; latter shield as long as or a little longer
thau frontoparietals and interparietal together, in contact with the
three anterior supraoculars ; 4 supraoculai\s, second and third

202 SCIXCID.E.

equal ; 6 to 8 supraeiliaries ; frontoparietals and interparietal dis-
tinct, subeqnal ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal:
8 or 4 pairs of nuchals ; fifth or sixth upper labial entering the
orbit. Ear-opening oval, much smaller than the eye-opening,
Mith t\A o or three projecting lobules or granules anteriorly. 82 to
88 smooth scales round the middle of the body, laterals smallest.
A pair of large prseanals. The adpressed limbs meet or overlap.
Digits subcylindrical : subdigital lamelhT smooth, 21 to 24 under
the fourth toe. Tail a little longer than head and body. Bronzy
olive above, with small darker and lighter spots ; a more or less
dark brown lateral band, dotted with pale oli\e, sometimes
bordered above and below by a light sti-eak : louer surfa(vs
greenish.

From snout to vent 2 inches ; tail 2-(J.

Hah. Ladak, Upper Indus Valley (12,000-14,000 feet).

228. Lygosoma laterimaculatum.

Lygosoma laterimaculatum, Boulmcj. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 200, pi. xviii,
fig. 2.

Habit lacertiform ; distance between end of snout and fore limb
contained \\ to I5 times in distance between axilla and groin.
8nout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal
broader than lono-, forming a suture with the rostral and with the
frontal ; latter shield a little shorter than the frontoparietals and
interparietal together, in contact with the first and second supra-
oculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest : 7 or 8 supraeiliaries ;
frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, usually subeqnal ;
parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; 8 to 5 pairs
of nuchals ; fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Ear-opening
oval, smaller than the eye-opening, ^^■ithout projecting granules or
lobules. 26 or 28 scales round the middle of the body, smooth,
or dorsals feebly pluricarinate, dorsals largest, laterals smallest.
A pair of enlarged pra'auals, not much longer than broad. The
hind limb reaches the Mrist or the elbow. Digits subcylindrical ;
subdigital lamella? smooth, 21 to 25 under the fourth toe. Tail H-
to 1| times the length of head and body. Bronzy above, with a
blackish lateral streak, light-edged above, along the head and body ;
two fine black lines or series of dots along the back ; sides of head
and body below the lateral streak largely and closely spotted with
black ; lower surfaces greyish ; tail blue in the young.

From snout to vent 1*8 inches.

Hah. Nilgiri, Travaucore, and Tinnevelly Hills, S. India.

229, Lygosoma bilineatiim.

Mocoa hilineata, Grci}/, A. M. N. II. xviii, 184(1, p. 4.'K) ; T/icoh. Cat.

p. 58.
Eumeces bilinoatus, GiintJi. liept. B. I. p. 85.
Lygosoma biliiieatum, Boidemj. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 250, pi. xviii, fig. 1.

LYGOSOMA.

203

Body elongate; distance between end of snont and fore limb
contained If to 2 times in distance between axilla and groin in
tbe adult, 1 1 in the young. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid
with an nnd~ivided transparent disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal :
no supranasal ; frontonasal broader tlian long, forming a suture
with the rostral and with the frontal: latter shield as long as the
frontoparietals and interparietals together or slightly longer, in
contact with the first and second supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars,
second largest ; G or 7 supraciliaries ; frontoparietals and inter-
parietal distinct, usually suhecpial : parietals Forming a suture
behind the interparietal ; 4 to 5 pairs of nuchals ; fifth upper
labial entering the orbit. Ear-opening roundish, a little smaller
than the eye-opening, with two projecting granules on its anterior
border. 22 or 24 smooth scales round the middle of the body,
dorsals largest, laterals smallest. 4 large pra^anals, much longer
than broad, pointed behind in the male. The ad pressed limbs are
widely separated in tlie adult, slightly overlap in the young.
Digits subcylindrical ; subdigital lamelhc smooth, 16 to 21 under
the fourth toe. Tail 1| to 14 times as long as head and body.
Bronzy olive or brown above ; a black streak on each side, from
above the ear to the base of the tail ; usually another finer black
streak on each side along the back ; small black dots on the sides of
the head, and usually also below the lateral streak- : lower surfaces
greenish.

From snout to vent 2*2 inches,

//ah. Xilo-ii-i Hills, S. India.

230. Lygosoma beddomii.

Mocoa travaukorica, part., BedfJome, Madras Jon ni. Med. <S'c. 1870;

r/ieob. Cat.^. oS.
Lygosoma beddomii, Uoiilen;/. C<d. Li::, ill, p. l^fil, pi. xviii, fig. 3.

The distance between the end of the snout and the fore limb
contained Ig to If tiiues in the distance between axilla and groin.
Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk. Nostril pierced in tbe nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal
broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral and with
the frontal ; latter shield as long as the frontoparietals and
interparietal together, in contact A\ith the first and second
supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest and touching the
supraciliary margin, as sometimes the third does also ; 5 to 7
supraciliaries ; frontoparietals distinct, longer than the inter-
parietal : parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; 3
or 4 pairs of nuchals ; fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Ear-
opening oval, much smaller than the eye-opening, without pro-
jecting lobules or granules. 20 or 22 smooth scales round the
middle of the body, dorsals largest, laterals smallest. A pair of
feebly enlarged pra^anals, not much longer than broad. The
adpressed limbs just meet in the adult, overlap in the young.
Digits subcylindrical; subdigital lamella^ smooth, 17 or IS under
the fourth toe. Tail If times the length of head and body.

204

SCT>'CID.5;.

Bronzy brown above, lighter on the limit of the hlackish-broA^Ti
colour which covers the sides of the head and body ; sometimes a
blackish vertebral line ; limbs dark brown ; lower sufaces dark
brown or bronzy olive, the scales edged with darker.

From snout to vent 2-25 inches.

ITah. Travancore Hills and Wynaad, S. India.

231. Lygosoma travancoriciim.

Mocoa travankorica, part., Beddome^ Madras Jovru. Med, So. 1870 ;

Theob. Cat. p. 58.
Lygosoma travancoricum, Boitlenrj. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 201, pi. xviii,
'tig. 4.

Habit lacertiform ; the distance between end of snout and fore
limb equals or slightly exceeds the distance between axilla and
groin in the young, and is contained 1^ to It- times in the adult and
halfgrown. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with an undivided
transparent disk. Xostril pierced in the nasal ; no supranasal ;
frontonasal broader than long, forming a sutiu'e with the rostral
and with the frontal ; latter shield as long as or shorter than
frontoparietal and interparietal together, in contact with the first
and second supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars, second largest ; 7 or 8
supraciliaries ; frontoparietal single, longer than the interparietal ;
parietals forming a snture behind the interparietal ; 3 or 4 pairs
of nuchals ; fifth, or rarely fourth, upper labial entering the orbit.
Ear-opening oval, much smaller than the eye-opening, without
projecting lobules or granules. 22 or 24 smooth scales round the
middle of the body, dorsals largest, laterals smallest. A pair of
enlarged pra'anals. The adpressed limbs meet or slightly overlap
in the adult. Digits subeylindrical ; subdigital lamella) smooth,
18 to 24 under the fourth toe. Tail If to 1| times length of
head and body. Bronzy brown or olive above, lighter on the
limit of the blackish-brown sides ; back uniform, or with scattered
blackish dots, or \\ith a blackish vertebi-al line ; \o\\ev part of
sides black-spotted ; limbs dark brown ; lower snrfaces dark grey
or oli\e.

From snont to vent 2-4 inches.

Hah. Hills of Southern India (Wynaad, Travancore, Palni,
Sivagiri Grhat).

232. Lygosoma macrotympanum.

Mocoa maerotympamnii, Stoticzha, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1873, p. 160,
Lygosoma macrotympauum, Boulenr/, Cat. Lk. iii, p. ^O-j.

Body moderately slender. Snout rather attenuated and prolonged.
Lower eyelid with an uudi^ ided transparent disk. Nostril pierced
in the nasal ; no supranasal ; frontonasal in contact with the
rostral, posteriorly just touching the fronial : 4 supraoculars ;
frontoparietal single ; interparietal distinct ; parietals forming a
suture behind the interparietal : 4 pairs of nuclials ; fifth upper

LYGOSOMA.

205

labial imcler the orbit. Ear-opeiiiug very large, rounded, with a
perfectly smooth edge all rouud. 22 smooth scales roimd the
middle of the body, dorsals slightly larger than laterals. A pair of
moderately enlarged prseanals. Limbs proportionately develoj)ed,
with the toes very slender. Head above brown, ])alcr on the snoul ;
;3 longitudinal white bands along the body, separated by 2 some-
\\hat broader brown bauds ; the median dorsal white band becomes
obsolete at the root of the tail : labials and sides of head brownish,
spotted with white ; limbs above with very close longitudinal
brown lines, digits powdered with pure white ; \o\\qv portion of
the sides and lower surfaces livid carneous, tinged with bright
orange on the lower belly and on the tail.

Total length 4 inches, of which the tail measures nearly 2-5.

Hah. South Andaman. A single specimen, \\hieh I have not
seen, was obtained on a sandy beach in Maepherson's Straits. .

233. Lygosoma macrotis.

Euprepes macrotis, Sfeind, Novara, Itept. p. 48.

Mocoa macrotis, Thcuh. Cat, p. GO.

Lygosoma macrotis, Boulenr/. Cat. Liz. iii, y. '2(j').

Lower eyelid with an undi\ided transparent disk. Xo supra-
nasals ; rostral large, posterior border convex and forming a cur\ed
suture with the frontonasal, which is in contact posteriorly with the
anterior angle of the frontal ; frontoparietals and interparietal
distinct. Ear-opening very large, circular, without projecting
lobules. 31 smooth scales round the body. A pair of large
prajanals. Brown above, with a deep black lateral band ; belly
yello\Aish white.

Hah. Nicobars. 1 have not seen this lizard.

The follo\\"ing species is insufficiently described : —

Mocoa Formosa, Blvth, J. A. S. B. xxii, 1^53, p. 651 ; Theob.
Cat. Kept. Mus. As. Soc. p. 26 ; id. Cat. p. 58.

" Length 7 in., of w hicli the tail measures half. .Scales hexagonal,
in 6 dorsal series. Praeanal scales similar to the abdominal.
Form robust. Frontal shield elongate-pentagonal, broadest to the
front, and rounded posteriorly. Internasal and frontonasals
lozenge-shaped, or somewhat fan-shaped, broader than long.
Frontoparietals distinct, but unsymmeti-ically divided. Colour olive-
green, with l)lack lateral and pale superlatez-al bands as usual, the
former much speckled with greenish white, and the latter showing
a series of black spots. Between the pale superlateral streaks are
five narrow black lines along the nape and body, variegated with
angular greenish-white spots. A few such spots appear also ou
the upper surface of the tail, caused by a scale variegated with
black and greenish white here and there placed. Limbs minutely
pencilled with black, and spots or streaks of the same upon the
head. Underparts greenish-plumbeous throughout."

Hah. Mirzapur (N.W.P.), and AVazirabad, Punjab.

206 SCINCIDiE.

234, Lygoscma taprobanense.

Eumece.s taprobaneiisiis, Kelaarf, Piodr. ii, p. 121.

Eumeces taprobanonsis, part., Giinfh. Bcpt. B. I. p. SO, pi. xiii, iJg. B.

Himilia taprobanen.si8, part., Theoh. Cat. p. 56.

Lygosoma taprobaneuse, Boulenc/. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 319.

Body rather elongate, limbs shoi't ; distance between end of snout
and fore limb contained about once and a half in distance bet\A'een
axilla and groin. Snout very short, obtusely acuminate. Lower
eyelid scaly. Nostril pierced in a single nasal ; no supranasal ;
frontonasal broader than long, forming a broad suture \\\i\\ the
rostral, and usually in contact posteriorly \\i{]i the anterior angle
of the frontal ; the latter shield considerably longer than the fronto-
l^arietals, in contact with the t\A o anterior supraoculars ; 4 supra-
oculars ; 8 or 9 supraciliaries ; frontoparietals distinct, about as
large as the interparietal ; parietals forming a suture behind the
interparietal ; no nuchals ; usually, fifth labial below the centre of
the eye. Ear-opening small, suboval, with 2 or 3 very small, more
or less indistinct, projecting lobules anteriorly. 24 or 2G smooth
equal scales round the middle of the bod}'. Pra3anals not enlarged.
The adpressed liinbs fail to meet. Digits short, cylindrical ; sub-
digital lamelhe smooth or tubercular, 13 to 19 under the fourth toe.
Tail thick, once and a half the length of head and body. Yellowish
or reddish brown above, usually \\\\\\ a paler brown dorso-lateral
band and longitudinal series of blackish dots ; sides darlc brown or
blackish, white-dotted; lower surfaces yellowish ; throat, in males,
bluish grey, with or without white dots.

I'rom snout to vent 2'25 inches; tail 3'25.

Uah. Ceylon.

235. Lygosoma fallax.

Lygosoma fallax, Peters, MB. Ah. Bert. 1860, p. 184; Bvideny. Cut.

Liz. iii, p. 320.
Eumeces taprobaneuyis, part., Gi'mth. Bept. B. L, p. 89.
Ilinulia taprobaiiensis, part., TJieoti. Cut. p. 56.

Body rather elongate, limbs short ; distance between end of snout
and fore limb contained about once and a half in distance between
axilla and groin. 8nout very short, obtusely acuminate. Lower
eyelid scaly. Nostril pierced iu a single nasal ; no supranasal ;
frontonasal much broader than long, forming a broad suture with
the rostral ; pra^frontals usually forming a median suture ; frontal
as long as the frontoparietal or shorter, in contact w ith the two
anterior supraoculars ; 4 supraoculars ; 8 or 9 supraciliaries; fronto-
parietals united into a single shield, much longer than the inter-
parietal ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; no
nuchals; usually, lift li labial below the centre of the eye. Ear-
opening small, roundish, with two very small projecting lobules
anteriorly. 20 smooth, equal scales round the middle of the body.
Prseanals not enlarged. The adpressed limbs fail to meet or just

LYGOSOMA. 207

meet. Digits short, cyliudrical ; subdigital lainell;ie smooth or
tubercular, IG to ly under the fourth toe. Tail thick, I3 to 1|
times the length of head aud body. Pale reddish brown above,
uniform or with darker dots, aud with a more or less distiuct darker
and a lighter dorso-lateral band ; lower surfaces yellowish. Throat
and sides of head and ueck, in males, bluish-black, dotted with white.

From snout to vent 1"6 inches ; tail 2-7.

Hah. Ceylon,

236. Lygosoma lineolatum.

Eiopa liueolata. Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 175, pi. x, tig. 2 ;

Theoh. Cat. p. 03.
Lygosoma lineolatum, Boulewj. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 314.

Body much elongate, limbs short ; distance between end of snout
and foi'e limb contained about twice and a half in distance
between axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly.
Supranasals distinct, in contact behind the rostral ; frontonasal
very broad, forming a narrow- suture with the frontal ; the latter
shield as long as the frontoparietal and interparietal together;
5 supraoculars, last very small ; frontoparietal fused into a siugle
shield ; interparietal rather small and triangular ; parietals forming
a suture behind the interparietal. Ear-opening moderate, rounded,
simple. 24 or 25 smooth scales round the middle of the body.
Pra^anals very slightly enlarged. The length of the bind limb
equals the distance between the axilla and the eye. Fourth toe
very slightly longer than third. Tail about ouce and one third the
length of head and body. Grreenish iridescent brown abo\e, with
an almost continuous series of small dark brown dots on each side
of the back, beginning at the nape and margined above and below
by a pale line ; the centres of all the scales above and on the sides
are paler than at the edges, and form straight longitudinal lines.
Below whitish, with a vinaceous tinge, and distinctly reddish on the
tail.

From snout lo vent 1"5 inches ; tail 2.

Hah. Martaban, opposite to Moulmein, Burma. Only two speci-
mens, which I have not seen, are known.

2:37. Lygosoma comotti.

Lygosoma comotti, Buulenfi. Ann. Mm. Genuva, ('!) iv, 1887, p. 622.

Body moderately flongate, limbs short ; distance between end of
snout and fore limb contained once and three fifths in distance
between axilla and groin. Head much depressed ; snout short,
obtuse. Lower eyelid sealy\ Supranasals present, forming a suture
behind the rostral ; frontonasal broader than long, forming a broad
suture with the frontal ; latter shield as long as frontoparietals
and parietals together, in contact with the first and second supra-
oculars ; 4 supraoculars ; 8 supraciliaries ; frontoparietals and inter-
parietal distinct, subequal in size ; parietals forming a suture behind
the interparietal ; no enlarged nuchals ; sixth upper labial below

208 SCINCID^.

the centre of eye. Ear-opening sniall, hardly as large as tbe pupil,
round, \\'ith a projecting lobule anteriorly. 28 smooth, subeqiial
scales round the middle of the body. No ejdarged prixanals. The
ad])ressed limbs fail to meet ; the fore limb stretched forwards
reaches a little beyond tlu^ ear ; hind limb half the distance between
axiUa and groin. Fourth toe longer than third ; subdigital lamellse
obtusely keeled, 15 luider the fourth toe. Kul'ous above, each
scale edged with dark brown; sides brow ii, with yellowish spots:
lower parts uniform yellowish.

From snout to vent 2*25 inches.

Hah. Minhla, Upper Burma.

238. Lygosoma albopiinctatiim.

Iiiopa albopuuctata, Grai/, A, M. N. H. xviii, 184t5, p. 430; TJieob,

Cat. p. 62.
Eumecas punctatus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xvi, 1847, ]). 651.
Eumeces albopimctatus, Oiinth. Rept. B. I. p. 9:2.
Lygosoma albopunctatum, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 309.

Body elongate, limbs weak ; distance between end of snout
and fore limb contained 2 to 2| times in the distance between
axilla and groin. Snou